Biology Cards
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- Structure of a nucleotide
- 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
- messenger RNA
- carries instructions for amino acid assembly from DNA to rest of cell
- transfer RNA
- carries each amino acid to the ribosome where proteins are assembled
- Base pairing: DNA
-
A + T
C + G - Base pairing: RNA
-
A + U
C + G - transforming agent of bacteria
- DNA
- Rosalind Franklin
- used x-ray diffraction and found out that DNA has a scattered pattern resembling an X
- replication
- the duplication of DNA
-
denaturation
annealing
polymerization -
- DNA molecule separated into 2 strands
- primers bind to the separated DNA to prepare it for duplication
- polymerase enzyme copies DNA - Crick and Watson
- used Rosalind Franklin's discovery to realize that the structure of DNA is a double helix.
- transcription
- RNA polymerase binds to DNA to separate the strands. DNA is used as a template to create complementary DNA.
- translation
- information from mRNA used to make proteins
- introns
- pieces cut off of RNA; transcribed from eukaryotic genes to become functional
- exons
- remaining portions which are spliced together to form final RNA
- 2 types of mutations
- point and chromosomal
- mechanism of evolution
- struggle for existence and natural selection
- survival of the fittest
- fitness is a result of an organism's ability to adapt to its environment
- struggle for existence
- species compete constantly for daily necessities of life
- evidence of evolution
- fossils, geographic distribution, body structure, early development similarities
- structure of ATP
- phosphate group, ribose molecule, adenine molecule
- aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration
- aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
- importance of an intact mitochondrial membrane in the electron transport chain
- diffusion and creation of a gradient over the mitochondrial membrane
- lactid acid fermentation
- occurs when there is a build up of pyruvic acid after glyclolysis which is transformed into lactid acid
- alcoholic fermentation
- occurs in yeast and a few other micro-organisms; forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as waste products
- glycolysis
- when a molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing pyruvic acid and 4 ATP (but net gain only 2)
- Mitosis
-
- body cell
- one nuclear division
- daughter cell is identical to mother cell
- diploid - stem cells
- cells that can grow into anything
- eukaryotic cells
-
- membrane bound nucleus
- many organelles separated from other cytoplasm components - prokaryotic
-
- no nucleus
- contain no organelles - archaebacteria
- oldest prokaryote, "mother of us all", found at bottom of sea
- eubacteria
- newer prokaryote, found in hot springs
- animalia
- mammals, multicellular, heterotrophic
- plantae
- autotrophs, photosynthesize, multicellular
- fungi
- contains largest known single organism, break down dead organic materials to cycle nutrients through ecosystem
- protista
- eukaryotes, unicellular, aquatic habitats
-
sex linked traits
- prominence in males
- location -
- men have one X chromosome and all X linked alleles expressed
- located on X or Y chromosome - selective breeding
- species improved by allowing only organisms w/ desired traits to reproduce
- transformation
-
when a cell takes in DNA from outside of the cell into its own DNA
ex. cloning -
gel electophoresis
- process -
a procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments
- DNA fragments poured into the wells on one side of the gel, electric voltage makes the fragments move from negative to positive; shorter fragment move further - restriction enzymes
- cuts DNA
- DNA fingerprinting
- analysis of sections of DNA that have no known function, in order to identify people
- PCR
- allows biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
- transgenic organisms
- contain genes from other organisms
-
- protostome
vs.
- deuterostome development -
- mouth formed first
- anus formed first - Meiosis
-
- sex cell
- 2 nuclear divisions
- daughter cell is not the same as parent cell
- haploid - descent w/ modification
- every species has developed from another species over time, w/ adaptations
-
multiple alleles
- ex. blood typing -
when there are more than two alleles
- A, B, i for blood type - protein synthesis
- protein made from amino acids; on a chain of RNA, if the nitrogen bases divided into groups of 3, they make codons which code for an amino acid
- raw materials of evolution
- mutations, struggle for existence, descent w/ modification, survival of the fittest
- gene linkage
- genes for traits are always inherited together; chromosomes are actually linked genes and they assort independently