BIO 112 Study Guide 1
Terms
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- What are the three main themes of BIO 112?
- Ecology, evolution, and phylogeny & systematics (how organisms progress over geological time)
- What is ecology?
- the study of the relationships of organisms with one another and with their environment.
- What does behavioral ecology study?
- It studies how a species' behavior affects their environment.
- What does population ecology study?
- It studies how members of a population affect their environment, focusing on factors that affect population density and growth.
- What is community ecology?
- It studies how the interactions between species affect community structure and organization, such as predators/prey.
- What does ecosystem ecology study?
- It studies energy flow and chemical cycling among various biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem.
- What is conservation biology?
- the science with the goal of countering the biodiversity crisis (the current rapid decrease in earth's variety of life).
- What are biotic components of ecology?
- living organisms that are part of the environment
- What are abiotic components of ecology?
- non-living chemical and physical factors of the environment, such as weather patterns, climate, microclimates, geology, and soil.
- List the components in the abiotic hierarchy.
- Subatomic particles, atoms/elements, molecular compounds, and organelles
- List the components in the biotic hierarchy.
- Cells, tissue (four types), organs, organ systems, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere, universe, and beyond
- What is Ernst Mayer's definition of a species?
- A group of interbreeding organisms that produce viable offspring
- What is the difference between a population and a community?
- a group of organisms of the same species whereas the other is a group of different populations
- What makes the ecosystem different from a community?
- It has abiotic factors thrown into the mix.
- What is a biome?
- a major ecosystem classified according to the predominant vegetation and characterized by adaptation of organisms to that particular environment
- What is the biosphere?
- the entire portion of earth inhabited by life
- What is phylogeny?
- the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species
- What is systematics?
- the study of biological diversity in an environmental context, taking into account taxonomy and phylogeny
- What kingdoms are included with eukaryotes?
- Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
- What is biogeography?
- the study of population distribution over geographic area and geological time
- What is dispersal in regards to distribution?
- the distribution of individuals within geographical population boundaries
- What does range encompass in regards to distribution?
- encompasses the potential and actual distribution of a species, including the many factors that limit it
- What is encroachment?
- the distribution of a non-native species
- What is the tens rule?
- a statistical prediction that one out of every 10 species introduced will become established, and one out of those established 10 will become common enough to become pests
- What aspects are looked at when studying lifecycles?
- natility rate, mortality rate, reproductive cycles, and life expectancy
- Which aspects of the lifecycle does life expectancy affect?
- brood size, number of offspring, and frequency of reproductive cycles
- What is parasitism?
- a symbiotic relationship where the parasite benefits at the host's expense
- What is co-evolution?
- the mutual influence of evolution of two different species interacting with one another and reciprocally influencing the other's adaptations; for example, the perpetual adaption of predator and prey
- What type of factors are predation and altruism?
- types of biotic factors
- At which latitudes are deserts usually found?
- 30 and 90 degrees latitude
- At which latitudes are rainforests typically found?
- 0 degrees latitude
- At which latitudes are temperate regions found?
- 60 degrees latitude
- What factor drives wind and precipitation?
- temperature drives these factors
- At which horizon is bedrock located?
- C horizon
- At which horizon is organics located?
- O horizon
- At which horizon is topsoil (sand, clay, silt) located?
- A horizon
- Why does water cling to clay?
- due to the clay's negative charge and the slight polarity of water
- What is the negative effect of clearing vegetation for development?
- because of this, the rate of erosion accelerates and thereby increases the rate of desertification and allows for landslides
- What is a microclimate?
- the variations of climate on a very tiny scale, such as under a log
- What are two factors of microclimates?
- soil type and mineral concentration are factors of these
- What is micro-topography?
- the topography on a very tiny scale, such as under a rock or log