AP Euro Chapter 18
Terms
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- Galileo
- scientist and astronomer who established experimental method. Established law of inertia, discovered Jupiter's moons with telescope
- "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres"
- explanation of Copernicus' ideas, published just before his death in order to avoid dangerous criticism
- Bacon
- emphasized analytical research and reasoning- empiricism
- Brahe
- astronomer who said all planets revolve around the sun, and all of them revolve around the Earth- contributed little more than huge amounts of data
- Copernicus
- Early proponent of heliocentricism, disliked Ptolemy's complicated theories explaining the universe
- Frederick the Great
- invaded Selisia when Maria Theresa took throne, smashed her army, and made Prussia a world power in 1742. Focused on education, improved schools and allowed free press- did nothing to change social STRUCTURE of Prussia
- Fontenelle
- enlightenment author, wrote "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds", novel designed to explain science to the common reader. Also wrote "Eulogies of Scientists", comparing rational scientists with fanatical priests.
- Rousseau
- against civilization, which he said was damaging to human nature- wrote "The Social Contract", stated the general will is more important than the will of the monarch, and, while it may or may not be the opinion held by the majority, it is in their best interest.
- Caritat
- wrote "Progress of the Human Mind", stated humans are one stage of progress short of perfection.
- Aristotle
- Early astronomer and proponent of motionless Earth, crystal balls as essential to orbits, heavy and light elements, etc.
- Holbach
- wrote "System of Nature", which said humans are only machines and have no free will- created a rift between atheist and deist thinkers within the enlightened group
- Locke
- wrote "Essay Concerning Human Understanding", said people get world views and opinions from experience, not at birth.
- Kepler
- Assistant to Brahe who formulated laws of planetary motion- eliptical orbits, non-uniform speed of planets in orbits, length of year correlates with planet's distance from sun
- D'Alembert/ Diderot
- co-wrote "Encyclopedia", a collection of enlightenment writing
- Bayle
- wrote "Historical and Critical Dictionary", concluded there is no absolute truth- skepticism
- Catherine the Great
- Chosen to be wife of Peter of Russia, had him killed and took the throne- attempted to westernize Russia, expand, and reform such practices as torture. Still treated serfs harshly, as Pugachev led a Cossack rebellion
- Voltaire
- pessimist who thought people were incapable of governing selves, best hope was a strong monarch- believed in a clockmaker God
- Isaac Newton
- defined laws of motion in "Principia"
- Seven Years War
- Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.
- Montesquieu
- wrote "The Persian Letters" (satire on European culture from Persian point of view), "The Spirit of Laws", (advocated separation of powers, the splitting of power between several strong groups instead of just one so they would check each other)
- "Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World"
- Galileo's defiance of Aristotle/ Ptolemy and defense of Copernicus
- Descartes
- linked algebra with geometry, also reduced all substances to either mind or matter
- Geoffrin
- founder of the most famous salon