Comst 102
Terms
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- Audience Analysis
- Know the diverse audience
- Audience Feedback
- Nonverbal and verbal cues that indicate audience member's reactions
- Macrostructure
- Overall framework you use to organize your speech content
- Microstructure
- the specific language and style choices you use to frame your ideas and verbalize them to your audience
- Public Speaking Apprehension
- A type of communication anxiety, is the level of fear a person experiences when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience
- Causes of Apprehension:
- Thoughts about success/failure that go through your mind in a particular situation
- Systematic Desensitization
- Relaxing
- Cognitive Restructuring
- Rebuild Thoughts
- Hearing
- Biological Process that occurs when the brain detects sound waves
- Listening
- Process of receiving, attending to, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken nonverbal messages
- Active Listening
- Identifying the organization of ideas, asking questions, silently paraphrasing, attending to nonverbal cues, and taking notes
- Critical Analysis
- The process of evaluating what you have heard to determine a speech's completeness, usefulness, and trustworthiness
- Strengths/Weaknesses
- 1. Credibility 2. Quality of content 3. Quality of Structure 4. Quality of Delivery
- Constructive Critiques
- evaluates how well a speaker meets a specific speaking goal while following the norms for good speaking and that recommends how the presentation could be improved
- Audience Adaptation
- Tailoring the speech's information to needs or interests of the listener
- Demographic Information
- Age and Education
- Listener Relevance
- How and why ideas are interesting
- Stereotyping
- Assuming all members of a group behave alike simple because they belong to the group
- Communication
- Process of sending messages
- Public
- Audiences of more than 10 people
- Intrapersonal
- With yourself
- Small Group
- 3-10 people
- Relevance
- Adapting the information in a speech so that audience members view it as important
- Demonstrate Timeliness
- Show how information is useful
- Demonstrate Proximity
- Relevance to personal life
- Initial Audience Disposition
- The knowledge and opinions of the audience
- Problem Solving Groups
- comprised of 4-7 people that are formed to carry out a specific task or solve a problem
- Responsibilities of Group Members
- 1. Committed to a group goal 2. Discussion on Track 3. Complete Individual Tasks 4. Manage conflict among members 5. Encourage input from all members
- Symposium
- Discussion in which a limited number of participants present individual speeches of approximately the same length dealing with the same subject and then discuss their reactions to what others have said and answer audience questions
- Panel Discussion
- Problem solving discussion in front of an audience. After the format discussion, the audience asks questions
- Town Hall Meeting
- Event where a large number of people who are interested in a topic convene to discuss and at times decide
- Informative Speech
- Speech whose goal is to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that stimulates interest
- Methods of Informing
- 1. Definition 2. Compare/contrast 3. Narration-Recount events 4. Demonstration
- Expository Speech
- A informatory speech that provides carefully researched in depth knowledge about a complex topic
- Oral Footnote
- oral reference to the original source of particular information
- Secondary Research
- process of locating information that has been discovered by other people
- Primary Research
- The process of conducting your own study to acquire the info you need
- Factual Statements
- Info that can be verified
- Elaborations
- Narratives, Comparisons, Quotations
- Organizational Pattern
- 1. Time Order 2. Narrative Order 3. Topic Order 4. Logical Reasons
- Introductions
- A. Get Attention b. Establish Listener Relevance C. Establish Credibility D. Thesis/ Preview
- Conclusions
- Thesis/ Summary Clincher
- Impromptu
- A speech that is delivered with only seconds or minutes of advance notice for preparation and is usually presented without notes
- Scripted/Manuscript
- A speech that is prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by reading a written copy
- Extemporaneous
- A speech that is researched and planned ahead of time but whose exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation
- Conversational
- The speaker sounds spontaneous, relaxed, informal and allows speaker to talk with, not at the audience
- Spontaneity
- Sounds as if the speaker is thinking as they speak
- Pitch
- The scale highness or lowness of the sound a voice makes
- Volume
- degree of loudness
- Rate
- Speed you talk
- Variety
- create in your voice through changing pitch, volume, and rate as well as stressing words
- Stress
- Emphasis placed on certain words by speaking them more loudly than the rest of the sentence
- Facial Expressions
- Audiences expect them to vary and to be appropriate to what you are saying
- Gestures
- Movements of hands, arms, and fingers that describe and emphasize what you are saying
- Eye Contact
- look directly at the people to whom the speech is directed
- Posture
- Position of the body
- Presentational Aids
- Any visual, audio, or audiovisual material used in a speech
- Oral Style
- The manner in which one conveys messages through spoken word
- Denotation
- explicit meaning a language community formally gives a word
- Connotation
- the feelings or evaluations we associate with words
- Dialect
- a regional variety of a language
- Specific Language
- Clarifies meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular term within that category
- Jargon
- unique technical terminology of a trade of profession
- Slang
- Informal vocab assigned to words by a social group
- Speech of Recognition
- a ceremonial presentation that acknowledges someone and usually presents an award
- Speech of Acceptance
- A ceremonial speech given to acknowledge receipt of an honor or award
- Speech of Tribute
- Ceremonial speech that praises or celebrates a person, group, or event
- Toast
- ceremonial speech offered at the beginning of a ceremony
- Persuasion
- The process of influencing other peoples attitudes, beliefs, values or behavior
- Monroe's Motivated Sequence
- 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
- Pathos
- Appeal to emotions
- Ethos
- Credibility
- Logos
- Logical Appeal
- Attitude
- A general or enduring feeling about something
- The Description Method is the method of Informing that explains something by identifying its meaning
- False
- Volume is the highness or lowness of the sound of your voice in a musical scale
- False
- A comparison illuminates a point by showing similarities
- True
- What is not a characteristic of effective informative speaking identified in the book?
- Descriptive
- A_____ speech is an informative presentation that provides carefully researched in-depth knowledge about a complex topic
- Expository
- Speech Planning Process
- The system that you use to prepare a speech
- Narrative/Personal Experience Speech
- a presentation in which you recount an experience you have had
- Attending
- Paying attention to what the speaker is saying regardless of extraneous interferences
- Paraphrase
- A statement in your own words of the meaning you assigned to a message
- Brainstorming
- an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas
- Concept mapping
- a visual means of exploring connections between a subject and a related idea
- Rhetorical Questions
- Questions phrased to stimulated a mental response rather than an actual spoken response
- Anecdotes
- brief amusing stories
- Description Method
- informative method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object
- Definition Method
- A method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning
- Compare and Contrast Method
- method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar or different
- Narration Method
- a method of informing that explains something by recounting events
- Demonstration Method
- a method of informing that explains something by showing how it is done
- Process Speech
- a speech that explains and shows how something is done, is made, or works
- Time Order
- organizing the speech in a chronological sequence
- Narrative Order
- Organizing the main points as a story
- Topic Order
- organizing the main points by categories or divisions of a subject
- Logical Reasons Order
- Organizing the main points by reasons that support the speech goal
- Signposts
- words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the main point
- Articulation
- Using the mouth to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce a word
- Accent
- The inflection, tone, and speech habits typical of a the natives of a region
- Pronunciation
- The form and accent of various syllables of a word
- Incremental Change
- moving reluctant listeners only a small degree in your direction
- Impartial
- no opinion
- apathetic
- uninterested about your topic
- Terminal Credibility
- Perception of credibility listeners have at the end of the speech
- Initial Credibility
- perception of credibility before you speak
- Derived Credibility
- messages you send about your expertise during your speech