Histo - endocrine organs
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- Describe the endothelium of capillaries.
- Simple squamous epithelium
- What is the origin of the adenohyphysis?
- oral ectoderm
- What part of the pituitary is highly cellular?
- Adenohypophysis
- What cell types are located in the Pars Distalis? Which is most common?
- Acidophils(most common), basophils(2nd most common), chromophobes
- What hormones are produced by the acidophils?
- GH and prolactin
- What is the target of GH?
- epiphyseal plate
- What hormone causes milk production?
- Prolactin
- What are the basophilic cells? What hormones do they produce?
- Thyrotrophs(TSH), Gonadotrophs(LH, FSH), Corticolipotrophs(ACTH)
- What is the funtion of the chromophobes?
- involved in holding acidophil and basophil cell clusters together and contributes to structual organization; folliculo-stellate cells
- Approximately how much of each the pituitary does each part take up?
- Pars Distalis - 75%; Pars Nervosa - 25%, Pars Intermedia - 5%
- What do the epithelial lined lakes contain?
- Colloid
- Where is MSH produced?
- Pars Intermedia in the pituitary gland
- Axons in the pars nervosa originate where?
- In the hypothalamus.
- What are the glial-like cells in the pars nervosa called and what is there function? What is this collection of fibers called? Where do they originate?
- The pituicytes have a supportive function for the axons in the pars nervosa. Collection of axons is called the hypothalamohypophyseal tract. Originate from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
- What two hormones travel through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract? What are their functions?
- oxytocin causes uterin contraction, vasopressin causes increased water absorption in the collecint tubules of the kidney.
- What is acromegaly?
- increased size of hands, feet and mandible due to increase in GH.
- Describe the cellular density of the pineal gland.
- Mostly cellular with some brain sands.
- What is the most abundant cell of the pineal gland called? What does It produce?
- Pinealocytes make melatonin.
- What are the pinealocytes responsive to? How do they respond and what is the overall effect?
- environmental light. Melatonin production is low in light phase and high in dark phase. Melatonin inhibits gonadal activity.
- What is the endocrine organ part of the Pancreas? What immediately surrounds them?
- The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans surrounded by reticular fibers and capillaries.
- What are the two types of cells in the pancreatic islets? What does each produce?
- Alpha cells produce glucagon and Beta cells produce insulin
- Does the Thyroid gland have a c.t. capsule?
- yes.
- What is contained within the thyroid follicles? What makes up the container?
- Colloid contained with in ring of follicular cells that rest on a basement membrane.
- What is between the thyroid follicles and makes up the lesser part of the thyroid?
- The c.t. w/ vessels and simple cuboidal epithelial Parafollicular cells
- what is produced by parafollicular cells and what do they do?
- calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels.
- What is colloid?
- glycoprotein that is made up mostly of thyroglobulin
- TSH causes what to enter the thyroid folicular cells? What does this ultimately produce?
- portions of the colloid enter the cells and produce thyroxin from thyroglobulin.
- What is the general function of the thyroid?
- regulates general body metabolism.
- what are the affects Hypothyroidism?
- delayed dental growth and mental development delay
- What are the affects of hyperthyroidism?
- can cause premature tooth eruption
- Is the parathyroid gland encapsulated?
- yes.
- What are the cell types in the parathyroid gland? What is the main cell type?
- Chief cells (main) and oxyphilic cells.
- What do the chief cells do and how?
- elevate blood calcium levels by production of parathyroid hormone
- Which cells of the parathyroid gland are associated with blood vessels? Which are filled with mitochondria?
- chief cells, oxyphilic cells
- What is calciferol?
- metabolite of vitamin D that lowers the blood calcium levels.
- What does hyperparathyroidism do?
- eliminates the Lamina dura aka bundle bone
- Is the adrenal gland completely encapsulated?
- yes.
- Where does ACTH act?
- adrenal cortex
- What is the level closest to the renal capsule called?
- Zona glomerulosa
- What is the level just inside the zona glomerulosa? Function?
- Zona fasiculata, cortisol production elevates blood SUGAR.
- What does aldosterone act on? What hormone regulates its release?
- afferent arteriol cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, angiotensin
- What are the cell types of the zona fasciculata?
- Spongiocytes.
- Where are the cords and sinusoids located in the adrenal glands?
- in the zona fasciculata
- What are the functions of cortisol? What type of steroid hormone is this?
- elevate blood sugar and anti-inflammatory; glucocorticoid
- What kind of hormones are produced in the Zona reticularis?
- SEX hormones
- Adrenal medulla controls what basic response and through what hormones?
- STRESS, through norepinephrine and epinephrine
- Where are chromaffin cells located?
- in the adrenal medulla
- Classify the vessels in the zona glomerulosa.
- fenestrated capillaries
- what causes the release of renin, where is this sensed?
- fall in arteriol blood pressure as sensed by the the afferent arteriol cells in juxtaglomerulosa cells
- What occurs in the median eminence?
- median eminence contains capillary beds where the releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus are stored.
- hypothalamic regulatory factors regulare what?
- Only the pars distalis, not the pars nervosa or intermedia.
- The pineal gland is surrounded by ____? Pituitary?
- pia, not dura. Pituitary is surrounded by dura.