Chapter 5 APES
Terms
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- matter (nutrients) is _____ within the environment, energy _____ through environment!
- recycled, flows
- nutrient cycle
- transportation or biotic transformation of nutrients within an ecosystem
- vehicles of nutrient cycles
- atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil
- atmosphere
- major storehouse for nutrients in atmospheric cycle; occurs locally, regionally, and globally (air moves, takes emitted particles other places)
- hydrosphere
- aquatic systems; 3 states of water (solid ice, liquid water, gaseous vapor); ocean is a storehouse for nutrients; occurs locally, regionally, and globally; 72% covers the earth
- soil
- sedimentary processes typically slow cycles/processes not in a gaseous state (normally dissolved particles); phosphorous (PO4)3- is the main nutrient and limiting nutrient for plants (needed for root growth); earth’s crust is a storehouse for nutrients locally and regionally (local geological events -- weathering, erosion, earthquakes; not global because rocks aren’t usually transplanted long distances)
- water cycle
- evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff/respiration
- evaporation
- caused by sun beating down on water; most water vapor comes from oceans
- transpiration
- plants release water vapor through leaves during photosynthesis
- condensation
- water vapor turns into liquid droplets and usually forms a cloud
- condensation nuclei
- dust particles (particulate matter—dirt, pollen, pollutants in the air); increased by humans through pollution, erosion (dust-bowls, hydrology); increased clouds = increased rain, maybe a good thing? NO. (global dimming—)
- precipitation
- rain, snow, sleet, hail
- runoff/respiration
- penetrate ground into groundwater OR return to stream OR be absorbed by plants
- movement of groundwater
- consistent⬦slowly seeps back into water systems --groundwater flow
- aquifer
- underground layer of rock that is permeable to water (permeable component of rock that allows water to get in)
- water table
- the level of water stored within the crust of the earth (goes up in wet season, down in dry season) – plants absorbing groundwater make it go down in a dry season
- human impacts on water cycle
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1. usage/uptake of water (mostly in developed nations) – irrigation, industry, domestic use
2. water pollution – alteration of quality or usable water
3. development alters – topography, soil permeability (compaction—walk on it, urbanization, drive on it – make it impermeable), area of permeable soil, harvest plant material (more sunlight decreases water in soil) - carbon cycle
-
*associated with organic compounds
*energy that is used in an ecosystem is typically stored in a carbon based molecule (glucose)
*carbon dioxide also serves as a thermo-regulating gas (greenhouse gas)
*largest store of carbon is in sedimentary rocks (limestone)*carbon is released by leaching, acid deposition, burning fossil fuels - human impacts on carbon cycle
-
*burning fossil fuels/wood/living organisms
*deforestation - sources of carbon dioxide for RELEASE into atmosphere
-
*respiration
*burning fossil fuels/wood
*diffusion from oceans
*volcanoes
*weathering of sedimentary rocks (limestone) - sources of carbon dioxide REMOVAL from atmosphere
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*photosynthesis
*diffusion of CO2 into oceans
*wetland storage (swamps and bogs store a lot of organic matter)
*burial/decaying of organic matter - the warmer air/water is, the ____ gas it will hold
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