Bio Chapter 4
Photosynthesis Notes
* Things that look like this: H(2)O are shown, the (2) stands for the subscript 2.
* Things that look like this: H(2)O are shown, the (2) stands for the subscript 2.
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- Oxygen and water coming out is aka
- transpiration
- Dark reactions take place in the
- stroma
- Negative limiting factor
- the more you have, the worse it is
- Environmental conditions which restrict types of organisms and population numbers
- 5 Limiting Factors
- Usable energy in biological processes is always known as
- ATP
- Dark reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- CO(2) gets fixated into 2 molecules of PGA (3-Carbon Sugar), then to PGAL with the NADPH + ATP from light
- The color associated with longer wavelengths is
- red
- Stomates are surrounded by
- pair guard cells
- Enzymes power
- every reaction in an organism
- Which color does chlorophyll reflect?
- green
- How do guard cells work?
- Guard cells swell with water, the stomata opens, carbon dioxide goes in, and oxygen and water are let out
- Rubisco
- an enzyme which helps in c-fixation in the grana
- Autotrophs use energy from the sun
- directly
- Autotrophs take in
- carbon dioxide
- The colors associated with short wavelengths/high frequencies are
- violet and blue
- In the ocean, lack of light is due to
- depth
- Mesophyll
- middle layer between upper and lower epidermis
- Epidermis means
- skin
- The shorter the wavelength, the frequency is
- higher
- In wavelength, as you move more towards the middle, it
- decreases
- Heterotrophs give off
- carbon dioxide
- 15-35 are the
- temperature limits
- When wavelengths are longer, they are more
- penetrating
- The color of the pigment is
- green
- Positive limiting factors
- Temperature, light intensity, CO(2), and H(2)O
- Leaves maximize what two things
- light absorption and CO(2) diffusion
- The epidermis excretes a
- waxy waterproof coating (cuticle)
- Heterotrophs take in
- oxygen
- Photosynthesis is affected by 5 limiting factors (LIOTCH)
- Light intensity, O(2), temperature, CO(2), and H(2)O
- In wavelength, both ends are
- high
- Grana is a stack of
- thylakoids
- Light reactions
- Chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, convert it to ATP, which then splits H(2)O into H(2) + O, & NADPH carries the H(2) to the dark reactions
- The sun allows the conversion of
- light energy into chemical energy
- Light reactions take place in the
- grana
- Autotrophs give off
- oxygen
- When thylakoids are stacked, they're considered a
- surface area
- The sun is the ultimate source of
- energy for all
- What two types of reactions does photosynthesis have
- light and dark
- Lack of light in the ocean is most important because
- chemosynthesis occurs
- In photosynthesis, oxygen is produced but
- not used
- The longer the wavelength, the frequency is
- lower
- C(6)H(12)O(6) (chemical energy) is needed for
- all organisms to exist on Earth and for oxygen
- Photosynthesis equation
- 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O ---(in the presence of chlorophyll & light)---> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
- Accessory pigments
- carotene and xanthophylls
- Heterotrophs use energy from the sun
- indirectly
- Autotrophic organisms use solar energy to
- combine molecules of CO(2) + H(2)O into food
- Accessory pigments are in leaves, but can't be seen until
- the amount of chlorophyll decreases in the fall
- The Mesophyll is filled with
- chloroplasts
- Negative limiting factor
- O(2)
- Chlorophyll in leaves absorb 2 colors
- red and blue