Psych Prep Key Terms- Social

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attributions: internal: locates the cause of an event to outcome within a person

external: locates the cause of an event to outcome outside of a person

situational: locates the cause of a bx w/in a person

dispositional: locates the cause of a bx outside the person
depression- attributions: learned helplessness results from attributing negative events to internal, stable, and global causes
fundamental attribution error v. self-serving bias v. actor-observer bias: fundamental attribution: error: bias toward attributing the bx of others to internal or dispositional causes while underestimating the influence of situational variables

self-serving bias: when we explain our own bx, we attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors

actor-observer bias: attribute own actions to situational factors and others' bx to dispositional factors
cognitive dissonance v. self-perception theory: cognitive dissonance: people change their attitudes to reduce the aversive arousal they experience when they become aware of inconsistency in their cognitions

self-perception theory: people infer their attitudes as well as their emotions by observing their own bx
scapegoating v. blaming the victim: scapegoating: when the source of frustration is either bigger or capable of retaliating or when the cause of frustration is ambiguous, people displace aggression, or scapegoat, innocent victims

blaming the victim: results from the fundamental attribution error, attribute cause of misfortune of others to dispositional factors
persuasion: primacy effect (long gap) v. recency effect (short gap): primacy effect: when there is a long gap b/w speech and desired action, the first speaker is remembered best

recency effect: when the gap is smaller, the last speaker is remembered best
superodinate goals: used in Sherif's Robber's Cave study to reduce prejudice, higher than individual goals that benefit both parties and can only be achieved w/ two groups working together
bystander apathy and diffusion of responsibility: when people do not help b/c part of a group of bystanders, the tendency to assume that someone else will respond and take action
aggression: frustration-aggression v. social learning theory: frustration-aggression theory: aggression is always due to frustration and frustration always leads to some form of aggression

social learning theory: learn to be aggressive by observing models behaving aggressively and by seeing others awarded for aggressive bx
conformity v. obediance: forms of social influence

conformity: changing one's bx as a result of real or imagined social or group pressure (Sherif's autokinetic effect, Asch's lines)

obediance: following a direct command, usually from an authority figure
foot-in-the-door v. door-in-the-face: foot-in-the-door: start with a small request, followed by the true larger request

door-in-the-face: start with a large request, followed by the true smaller request
deindividuation: the process of suspending one's private self-identity and adopting instead the identity of the group, decreased self-awareness and self-regulation
social facilitation v. inhibition: social facilitation: when individual task performance is enhanced by the mere presence of others, occurs most frequently when the task is simple or familiar

inhibition: when task performance is compromised by the presence of others, occurs when the task is novel or complex
social buffer effect: it is not so much the size of the social network that is important but the person's perception of having an adequate social network
inner city teachers' expectations of kids: A
similarity hypothesis v. reciprocity hypothesis v. propinquity hypothesis v. matching hypothesis: similarity hypothesis: people similar in social background and values tend to form intimate relationships

reciprocity hypothesis: people tend to like others who like them

propinquity hypothesis: proximity promotes attraction primarily b/c of mere exposure and familiarity

matching hypothesis: people of approimately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other
approach-approach v. approach-avoidance v. avoidance-avoidance: approach-approach: choice b/w two or more favorable alternatives

approach-avoidance: choice about whether to do one thing that will have both desirable and undesirable results

avoidance-avoidance: choice b/w two unpleasant alternatives that will lead to negative results no matter which choice is made
etic v. emic: etic: an asssumption that there are universal principles that underlie personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy

emic: every culture has its own norms and values
proxemics v. kinesics v. paralanguage: aspects of communication style

proxemics: use of personal strength

kinesics: body movements, including facial expression and eye contact

paralanguage: vocal cues, including loudness, pauses and rate of speech
high context v. low context: high context: situational and nonverbal cues significantly affect the meaning of what is being verbalized (African, Asian, Latino and Native Americans)

low context: the meaning of communication is what is explicitly stated (middle-class, European-American)
stages of racial or cultural identity: 1. conformity: preference for dominant culture

2. dissonance: appreciation for aspects of minority culture, questioning of values and customs of dominant culture

3. resistance-immersion: strong identification w/ minority group

4. introspection: deeper analysis of attitudes and feelings

5. integrative awareness: ability to appreciate and criticize aspects of minority and dominant cultures
acculturation: the process by which members of one cultural group learn about and adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group
cultural encapsulation: occurs when a therapist makes narrow assumptions about reality, minimizes cultural variation among individuals, and judges others according to the encapsulated therapist's self-reference criteria
collateral v. individualistic perspective: collateral perspective: values family and social connectedness (Latino, African, Asian American)

individualistic perspective: values individual achievement (European-American)
treatment approaches with diverse ethnic groups: Latino: active, concrete, problem-solving orientation, family therapy is useful, informality

African: establish a positive alliance, convey respect, egalitarian, consider stage of racial identity, Nancy Boyd-Franklin advocates a multisystems approach involving active involvement with client's systems and meeting outside the office

Asian: structured, active and directive

Native: family therapy, incorporate traditional healers
culture-bound syndrome v. idiom of distress: culture-bound syndrome: psychiatric disorders that are found only in a particular cultural group

idiom of distress: "illness language" of a particular cultural group, the preferred ways of expressing distress

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