2 Essentials
Terms
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- Define Work.
- Transforming energy from one form to another.
- Define Energy.
- Capacity to do work.
- Define Power.
- Amount of energy delivered over a given time.
- What are the 2 States of Energy?
- Kinetic (moving) & Potential (stored)
- What are the 6 Types of Energy?
- Chemical; Heat; Electrical; Mechanical; Light; Nuclear
- What is the most common form of Energy?
- Heat
- Define Heat.
- Energy transferred when bodies have different temperatures.
- Define Temperature.
- Indicator of Heat.
- Define Fuel.
- Material oxidized during combustion (Reducing Agent).
- What physical state of fuel is the most dangerous and why?
- Gas; Already in Ignitible State.
- Define Fuel Load (Fire Load).
- Total amount of fuel in given location multiplied by Heat of Combustion of materials present.
- What determines Rate of Heat Transfer?
- Temperature difference between bodies.
- What is the lowest concentration of oxygen (at room temperature) that will support Combustion?
- 14%
- Define Oxygen Enriched.
- Concentration of more than 21%.
- What are 2 key fuel related factors?
- Physical State & Distribution (Surface to Mass Ratio) (Position-Vertical/Horizontal)
- Define Pyrolysis.
- Chemincal decomposition of substance through action of heat (Solid to a Gas).
- Define Vaporization.
- Transformation of liquid to gas.
- What determines the Rate of Vaporization?
- The substance nvolved & amount of heat applied.
- Define Fire.
- Rapid chemical reaction requiring fuel, O2, & heat that produces energy and products of combustion.
- Name the type, color, shape, & extinguishing method for Class A Fire.
- Ordinary, Green, Triangle, Extinguish by Cooling
- Name the type, color, shape, & extinguishing method for Class B Fire.
- Flammable Liquid; Red; Square; Extinguish by Smothering
- Name the type, color, shape, & extinguishing method for Class C Fire.
- Electrical; Blue; Circle; Extinguish by De-energizing
- Name the type, color, shape, & extinguishing method for Class D Fire.
- Combustible Metals; Yellow; Star; Extinguish w/ Special Agents
- Define Flameover/Rollover.
- Flames move through unburned gases (not actual surface).
- Define Thermal Layering.
- Tendency of gases to form layers according to temperature.
- What are 2 other names for Thermal Layering?
- Heat Stratification & Thermal Balance
- What are Products of Combustion?
- Light; Heat; Smoke
- What causes most fire related deaths?
- Smoke
- Define Smoke.
- Heated mix of air, gases, & particles.
- What are the 3 most common hazardous substances found in Smoke?
- Carbon Monoxide (CO); Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN); Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- What is the Fire Extinguishment Theory?
- Extinguish by interrupting Fire Tetrahedron.
- What are 4 ways to interrupt the Fire Tetrahedron?
- Reduce Temperature; Remove Fuel; Exclude O2; Inhibit Chemical Reaction
- Define Solubility.
- Ability of substance to mix with water.
- What is the difference between Polar Solvents and Hydrocarbons?
- Polar Solvents mix with water & Hydrocarbons do not mix with water.
- Give an example of a Polar Solvent & a Hydrocarbon.
- Polar Solvent = Alcohol; Hydrocarbon = Oil
- What is the Specific Gravity of most ignitable liquids?
- Less than 1.
- What are the 3 methods of Heat Transfer?
- Conduction; Convection; Radiation
- Define Conduction.
- Transfer of heat by direct point to point contact.
- Define Convection.
- Transfer of heat by circulation of heated liquid or gas.
- Define Radiation.
- Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
- What is the most common method of Heat Tranfer during early fire development?
- Conduction
- What type of Heat Transfer causes most exposure fires?
- Radiation
- Define Exothermic.
- Giving off Energy.
- Define Endothermic.
- Absorbs Energy.
- Define Oxidation.
- Formation of chemical bond between O2 & another substance.
- Define Combustion.
- Self sustaining chemical reaction yielding energy.
- Define HRR.
- Heat Release Rate; Rate fuel burns & releases heat.
- How are HRRs measured?
- British Thermal Units
- What are the 4 components of the Fire Tetrahedron?
- O2; Fuel; Heat; Self Sustaining Chemical Reaction
- Define Flammable Range.
- Range of Fuel Vapor & Air Concentrations.
- How is Flammable Range expressed?
- Expressed in percentage by volume of gas/vapor in air.
- Define LFL.
- Lower Flammable Limit; Minimum concentration of fuel vapor & air that supports combustion; Below LFL = Too Lean
- Define UFL.
- Upper Flammable Limit; Maximum concentration of fuel vapor & air that supports combustion; Above UFL = Too Rich
- What are the 5 Phases of Fire Development?
- Ignition; Growth; Flashover; Fully Developed; Decay
- Define Ignition.
- Period when all 4 elements of Fire Tetrahedron come together.
- What are the 3 most common sources of Ignition Heat and which is the most common?
- Chemical (most common); Electrical; Mechanical
- Define Growth.
- Fire Plum Forms & Gas Layering Increases
- Define Flashover.
- All exposed combustible surfaces involved.
- At what temperature does Flashover occur?
- 900 to 1200 F
- Define Fully Developed.
- All combustibles involved.
- During the Fully Developed Stage what controls the amount of fire?
- Ventilation
- Define Decay.
- Fire is fuel controlled & Heat Release Rate declines.
- What factors affect Fire Development?
- Size & Number of Ventilation Openings; Volume & Thermal Properties of Compartment; Location of Additional Fuel Packages; Ceiling Height; Size, Composition, Location of Initial Fuel Package