Biology Unit 1 Questions
Terms
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- what are the seven core attributes of life?
-
order
reproduction
development
energy utilization
response to the enviornment
homeostasis
evolutionary adaptation - Photosynthesis emerges at the ________level in the ________
- organelle, chloroplasts
- At what level of organization does the property of being "alive" emerge?
- the cell level.
- What is reductionism?
- reducing complex systems to simpler conponents that are more manageable to study.
- What is an open system?
- an entity that exchanges materials and energy with its surroundings.
- Prokaryotic Cell - the name of the structures that are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
- Pili
- Prokaryotic Cell - Where are proteins synthesized?
- Ribosomes
- Prokaryotic cell - identify the sticky, jellylike protective layer outside the cell wall
- capsule
- Prokaryotic cell -name of the rigid structure, outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds, supports, and protects the cell
- cell wall
- This acts as a a selective barrier, allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes
- plasma membrane
- Prokaryotic cell - Where is the cell's DNA, containing the genes that control the cell?
- Nucleoid region
- Prokaryotic cell - Which structure propels the cell?
- Flagellum
- ______ are the cells information molecules
- nucleic acids
- 2 kinds of nucleic acids are:
- DNA, RNA
- DNA directs the manufacture of ____
- proteins
- In eukaryotic cells, protein systhesis occurs in ____ steps
- 2
- In protein systhesis, first information is transferred from ______ to ________
- DNA to Messenger RNA
- After the Information from the DNA is transferred to messenger RNA, ______
- The RNA leaves the nucleus and carries the information from the DNA to the ribosomes
- The message in the sequence of RNA _________ is translated into a sequence of _______
- nucleotides, amino acids
- amino acids are linked to form a ________
- polypeptide
- _______ are indispensible to the study of cells.
- Microscopes
- DNA consists of 2 _________ twisted together to form a ___________
- nucleotides, double helix
- Who discovered cells?
- Robert Hooke
- How does a light microscope work?
- a light microscope uses visible light to pass through the specimen, then the lenses bend the light resulting in magnification.
- how does an electron microscope work?
- it focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface.
- Why does an electron microscope have stronger resolving power?
- Because resolving power is inversely related to the wavelength of radiation a microscope uses, and electrons have wavelenths much shorter than the wavelengths of visible light.
- What is Cell Theory? (2 main points)All living things consist of cells. All cells come from other cells. This is_________
- All living things consist of cells. All cells come from other cells.
- magnification is...
- the ratio of an object's image to its real size
- All cells are related by...
- their descent from earlier cells and evolution
- Resolution is...
- The measure of the clarity of an image, the minimum distance two poits can be separated and still be considered 2 points.
- All organic molecules, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, contain the element ____________
- Carbon
- Plants use _____ as a source of energy.
- light
- What element is found in all organic compounds?
- carbon
- What name is given to organisms that convert the carbon in organic compounds into carbon in carbon dioxide?
- Decomposers
- Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
- Bacteria and Archaea
- what are catalytic molecules?
- proteins
- what are the 2 main structural differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic has true nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Prokaryotic do not.
- approximately how big are eukaryotic cells?
- 10 micrometers.
- what is a good unit for measuring cells?
- micrometer.
- what is a good unit for measuring the demensions of biomonelcules
- nanometer
- why are cells so small?
-
diffusion problem - need to get from middle to edge of cell and cant take a long time
when things get bigger, surface to volume ratio goes down, creating this problem - what are the two main ways biologist study cells (since they are so small)?
-
- fractionation followed by biochemical analysis
- microscopy - what are the three disadvantages to an electron microscope?
-
- material cannot be alive, no motion
- no color
- expensive - what are artifacts?
- structural features seen in micrographs that do not exist in the living cell.
- what is the instrument used to fractionate cells?
- a centrifuge
- what are the two resulting parts after the centrifuge is spun?
-
pellet (heavier structures at the bottom)
supernatant ( smaller lighter parts of the cell suspended in the liquid above the pellet) - Why are eukaryotic cells generally bigger than prokaryotic cells?
- because the logistics of metabolism set a limit on cell size.
- anything that takes up space and has mass
- matter
- a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions is an
- element
- there are _____ naturally occuring elements recognized today
- 92
- a substance consisting of two or more elements conbined in a fixed ratio
- compound
- A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is a(n)____________
- element
- Changing the number of _____ would change an atom into an atom of a different element.
- protons in an atom
- How an atom behaves when it comes into contact with other atoms is determined by its _____.
- electron configuration
- true/false: Hydrogen bonding is most often seen when hydrogen is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom
- true