Biology (Concepts & Connections) Chapter 4
Terms
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crista
(plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. - Crista
- A channel between adjacent tissue cells through which water and other small molecules pass freely.
- communicating junctions
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cellular metabolism
The sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions in a working cell. - cellular metabolism
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cell junctions
A structure that connects cells within a tissue to one another. - cell junctions
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cell theory
The theory that all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells. - cell theory
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chromosome
A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. See chromatin. - chromosome
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basal body
A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole. - basal body
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dynein arms
A protein extension from a microtubule doublet in a cilium or flagellum; involved in energy conversions that drive the bending of cilia and flagella. - dynein arms
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extracellular matrix
(ECM)The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded consisting of protein and polysaccharides. - extracellular matrix
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granum
(plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis. - granum
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glycoprotein
A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate - glycoprotein
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endomembrane system
The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. - endomembrane system
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anchoring junctions
Adhesive junctions that link cells together into tissues. - anchoring junctions
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intermembrane space
One of the fluid-filled compartments in the mitchondrion. - intermembrane space
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lysosomal storage disease
A hereditary disorder associated with abnormal lysosomes, where the sufferer is missing one of the lysosomal digestive enzymes. - lysosomal storage disease
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mitochondrial matrix
The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. - mitochondrial matrix
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nucleoid region
The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA. - nucleoid region
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microtubule
A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton. - microtubule
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prokaryotic cell wall
A fairly rigid, chemically complex structure that exists outside the plasma membrane of most prokaryotes. - prokaryotic cell wall
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pilus
(plural, pili) A surface appendage in certain bacteria that functions in adherence and the transfer of DNA during conjugation. - pilus
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prokaryotic flagellum
A long surface projection that propels a prokaryotic cell through its liquid environment; totally different from the flagellum of a eukaryotic cell - prokaryotic flagellum
- (plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells.
- plasmodesma
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tight junction
A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. - tight junction
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transport vesicle
A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. - transport vesicle
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secretory protein
Proteins that are secreted by the cell via the endoplasmic reticulum. - secretory protein
- A sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of some bacteria, protecting the cell surface and sometimes helping to glue the cell to surfaces
- Capsule
- The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
- Stroma