Science Test number one
Terms
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- Biology
- The scientific study of life
- Inheritance
- The transmition, from parents to offspring, of genes that specify structures and functions characteristic of the species
- Reproduction
- Any process by which a parental cell or organism produces offspring. Among Eukaryotes, asexual modes and sexual modes. Prokaryotes use prokaryotic fission only. Viruses can not reproduce themselves; host organisms execute their replication cycle.
- Development
- The series of genetically guided embryonic and post embryonic stages by which morphologically distinct, specialized body parts emerge in a new multi celled individual.
- Energy
- The capacity to do work
- Metabolism
- all the controlled, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to senthesize store, degrade, and eliminate substances in ways that contribute to growth, survival, and reproduction.
- Stimulus
- A specific form of energy (pressure, light, or heat etc. ) that activates a sensory receptor able to detect it.
- Homeostasis
- (homo=same, stasis=standing) State in which physical and chemical aspects of internal environment(blood, interstitial fluid) are being maintained wtihin ranges suitable for cell activities.
- cell
- Smalles living unit, it can survive and reproduce on its own, given its DNA, raw materials, and an energy source.
- multicelled organisms
- Organism composed of many cells with coordinated metabolic activity; most show extensive cell differentiation into tissues, organs, and organ systems
- population
- all individuals of the same species that are occupying a specified area
- Community
- All populations in a habitat. Also, a group of organisms with similar life-styles
- EcoSystem
- Array of organisms, together with their environment, interacting through a flow of energy and a cycling of materials
- Biosphere
- All regions of the Earth's waters, crust and atmosphere in which organisms live.
- Producers
- Atotroph (self feeder); it nourishes itself using sources of energy and carbon from the physical environment. Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs are examples.
- Consumers
- A heterotroph that feeds on cells or tissues of other organisms (e.g., herbivores and carnivcores.)
- Decomposers
- Prokaryotic or fungal heterotroph; gets carbon and energy from products or remains of organism. Helps cycle nutrients to producers in ecosystems.
- Archaebacteria
- Prokaryotic domain; closer to eukaryotic cells than to eubacteria; includes methanogens, halophiles and thermophiles; also called a kingdom.
- Eubacteria
- Domain of all prokaryotic cells except archaebacteria; also called a kingdom
- Protistans
- Photoautotroph or iheterotroph unlike bacteria; some like earliest eukaryotic cells. Has a nucleus, larger ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, chormosomes with numerous proteins and cytoskeletal microtubules, range insize from microscopic algae to giant kelps.
- Fungi
- Kingdom of fungi; major decomposers plus pathogens and parasites
- Plants
- Generally, a multicelled photoautotroph with well developed root and shoot systems, photosynthetic cells that include starch grains as well as chlorophylls a and b; and cellulose; pectin, and other polysaccharides in cell walls.
- animals
- multicelled, aerobic, motile predator or parasite, usually with tissues, organ systems; developed through embryonic stages
- Mutation
- Heritable change in DNA's molecular structure. Original source of all new alleles and , ultimately, the diversity of life.
- Artificial Selection
- Selection of traits among a population under contrived conditions
- Antibiotics
- Metabolic product of soil microbes that kills bacterial competitors for nutrients
- Hypothesis
- in science, a possible explanation of a phenomenon, one that has the potential to be proved false by experimental tests
- Prediction
- statement about what you should observe in nature if you were to go looking for a particular phenomenon; the if-then process
- Test
- the means to determine the accuracy of a predcicition as by conducting experimental or observational tests and by developing models. Scientific tests are conducted under controlled conditions in nature or the laboratory
- Models
- theoretical, detailed description or analogy that helps people visualize something that has not yet been directly observed.
- Inductive logic
- General to the specific
- Deductive logic
- Secific to the general
- Sampling error
- Use of a sample or subset of a population, an event, or some other aspect of nature for an experimental group that is not large enough to be representative of the whole
- variables
- of an experimental test, a specific aspect of an object or even that may differ over time and among individuals. A single variable is directly manipulated in an attempt to support or disprove a prediction
- Control Group
- Group used as a standerd for comparison wtih an experimental group and, ideally identical with it in all respects except for the one variable being studied
- Experiments
- Test that simplifies observation in nature or in the laboratory by manipulation and controlling the conditions under which the observations are made.