Evolution AP Biology
Ms. Ward AHS
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- What are the 5 conditions of teh Hardy-Weinberg Law?
- There will be no evolution if 1) large population 2) no mutations 3) no immigration/emigration 4) random mating 5) no natural selection
- Homologus structures
- similar structures with different functions (human's arm vs. bat's wing)
- Parallel Evolution
- 2 related species make same evolutionary changes after divergence
- Divergent Evolution
- Results in 2 closely related species with different behaviors/traits
- Paleontology
- study of fossils (shows variety of organisms like dinosaurs, mammoth) and major lines of evolution
- Macroevolution
- Patterns of changes in related species over long periods (evolutionary relationships among species)
- The principle of Maximum Parsimony
- When there are multiple explanations for observation, you have to investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with facts (fewest total molecular changes).
- Prezygotic Isolation
- mechanisms that prevent fertilization
- Causes of Evolution
- 1) natural selection 2) random mutation
- In the Hardy-Weinberg Equation, what do each part represent?
- p2 = homozygous dominants 2pq = heterozygotes q2 = homozygous recessive [p + q =1]
- Phylogram trees
- The phylograms represent information about the (rate) sequence of events relative to one another.
- Cline
- Change in traits in geographic area (ex: body sizes of birds increase in proportion to increasing latitude)
- Polyploidy
- Unnormal set of chromosomes. Often occurs in plants.
- The principle of Maximum Likelihood
- When there are multiple phylogenetic hypotheses, you have to take the one that reflects the most likely sequence of evolution, based on how DNA changes over time
- What was Lamarck's theory?
- He proposed that acquired traits are inherited and passed onto offspring "law of use it or lose it"
- Molecular Biology
- Molecular level of nucleotide / amino acid sequences Ex) more than 98% of nucleotide sequences between humans & chimps are the same
- Punctuated Gradualism
- Long periods of no evolution with short periods of rapid evolution
- What are the 2 types of speciation?
- Allopatric Speciation and Sympatric Speciation
- Phyletic Gradualism
- Evolution occurs by gradually small changes
- Gene Flow
- Introduction or removal of alleles from population when individuals immigrate/emigrate
- What is this clade: polyphyletic
- It can also be a polyphyletic group of several species lacking a common ancestor
- True or false: Individuals can evolve
- NO! Only populations can evolve
- Mechanical Isolation
- Male/female are not structurally compatible
- Hybrid Vigor
- Superior quality of soffspring from crosses of 2 different inbred plants
- Genetic Drift
- (founder effect, bottle neck effect) gene frequencies differ from original gene pool
- What is this clade: monophyletic
- The only legitimate taxa from cladistics is the monophyletic clade "single tribe" because it has an ancestral species and all descendants.
- Habitat Isolation
- Species do not encounter one another
- Natural Selection
- Increase or decrease in alllele frequency b/c environment
- Neutral Variation
- Not all variation has selective value or causes mutations in offspring
- Artificial Selection
- Breeder chooses which trait to favor (seedless grapes)
- Nonrandom Mating
- Individuals choose mates based on special traits
- Hybrid Sterility
- hybrid is functional adult, but not fertile. (ex: mule) (postzygotic)
- Inbreeding
- Individuals mate with relatives
- What is a clade?
- group of species including ancestral species and all decedents
- Heterozygous Advantage
- Heterozygous alleles have greater selective advantage than either homozygous condition.
- Directional Selection
- One phenotype is "weeded" out. The other is favored because it already exists
- Hybrid Breakdown
- Hybrids produce offspring that have reduced life span/reproduction rate (postzygotic)
- Postzygotic Isolation
- mechanimsism that prevent formation of fertile offspring
- Founder Effect
- alleles are not the same as original population b/c migration
- Analogous structures
- Structure with same function, but evolved independently
- List the 3 types of "selection"
- 1) Directional 2) Stabilizing 3) Disruptive
- Coevolution
- (predator vs. prey) Similar evolution of one species in new adaptation similar to another species
- Stabilizing Selection
- Organisms with extreme traits are eliminated (favors common traits) Ex) humand babies that are abnormally small or large have low survival rate
- Allopatric Speciation
- Species become 2 different species b/c geographic barrier (mountain, water etc)
- Uniformitarianism was started by? Describe it.
- Lyell. Same geologic process happen today as in the past, at the same rate (earth changes slowly)
- Hybridization
- 2 differnt forms of species mate and produce offspring. More genetic variation and diverge from parent population
- What are 5 factors of Genetic Equilibrium?
- 1) No natural selection 2) Mutations don't occur 3) (no gene flow) Population must be isolated from others 4) Population is large (no genetic drift) 5) Mating is random
- Fitness
- Ability to survive & leave offspring
- Gametic Isolation
- Male gametes can't survive in gemale environment
- What is the difference between orthlogous genes and paralogous genes?
- The difference between the two genes is that orthlogous genes are homologous genes that ended up in different gene pools (natural selection). But paralogous genes are found in multiple copies in a single genome because they are the result of gene duplication.
- Sexual Selection
- Females choose males for attractiveness/behavior (nonrandom mating)
- Ultrametric trees
- Ultrametric trees have information about the actual time that events occurred. Ultrametric trees do not measure the rate of different evolutionary paths, but it uses the fossil record to place branch points with respect to time.
- Adaptive Radiation
- Rapid evolution of many species from single ancestor. (Australia & Galapagos Islands are examples)
- Bottleneck Effect
- Population has DECREASE in size (caused by destructive catastrophes)
- Convergent Evolution
- 2 unrelated species have similar traits (analogous) b/c they have similar natural selection
- Speciation
- Emergence of new species
- Gene Pool
- Total # of genes in population
- Hybrid Inviability
- zygote fails to develop, dies (postzygotic)
- What is the order of hierarchical classification
- Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. A popular mnemonic is "Does King Phill cry out for good soup?
- Phylogeny
- Evolutionary history of species
- Biogeography
- study of distribution of flora (plants) and fauna (animals) // related species in different parts of the world
- Disruptive Selection
- Reverse of Stabilizing selection. Favors both extremes and selection AGAINST common traits Ex) female seals are small and males are large (rare intermediate sizes)
- Sympatric Speciation
- New species form w/o geographic barrier [common in plants]
- Cuvier started ....
- Paleontology (study of fossils)
- Embroylogy
- study of development of organism // comparing early stages of vertebrate development
- Temporal Isolation
- Speices mate during different seasons
- Comparitive anatomy
- study of anatomy of animals
- What is this clade: paraphyletic
- If the clade is lacking information, it is a paraphyletic grouping with ancestral species but not all descendents.
- Microevolution
- How populations change from generation to generation & how new species originate
- Behavioral Isolation
- Species don't give signals or have sexual desires
- Balanced Polymorphism
- Among subpopulations lead to speciation
- Genetic Drift
- random increase/decrease of alleles [very strong on small populations]
- Minority Advantage
- Least common phenotype has selective adavantage. Common phenotypes are selected against