Memory
Terms
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- Memory
- refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity
- Confabulation
- The confusion of imagined events with real ones, or confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you.
- Conditions of Confabulation
- 1) One has thought, heard, or told others about the imagined event many times 2) The image of the event contains lots of details that make it feel real 3) The event it easy to imagine
- Eyewitness Testimony
- Vulnerable to error when: 1) the suspect's ethnicity differs from the witness 2) Leading questions are put to the witness 3) Witnesses are given misleading information
- Children's Testimony
- Children can be suggestible when: 1) Questions blur the lines between reality and fantasy 2) They are asked leading questions 3) They are threatened or urged to give particular answers 4) They are pressured to conform to what other children have said.
- The power of suggestion
- Memory is vulnerable to suggestion- to ideas implanted in our minds after the event, which then become associated with it
- Explicit Memory
- Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information
- Implicit Memory
- Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions
- Recall
- The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously encountered material
- Recognition
- The ability to identify previously encountered material
- Priming
- A method for measuring implicit memory in which a person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task
- Three-box model of memory
- information that does not transer out of the sensory register or short-term memory is assumed to be forgotten forever. Once in the long-term memory, information can be retrieved for use in analyzing incoming sensory information or performing mental operations in the short-term memory.
- Sensory Register
- retains incoming sensory informatin for a second or two, until it can be processed further
- Short-term Memory
- holds a limited amound of information for a brief period of time, unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there longer, involved in conscious processing of information
- Long-term Memory
- accounts for longer storage. Information organized and indexed, thought by some to be permanent
- Types of Long-term Memory
- 1) Procedural Memories 2)Declarative Memories a) Semantic Memories b) Episodic Memoires
- Procedural Memories
- "Knowing how"
- Declarative Memories
- "Knowing that" broken into two sections 1) Semantic Memories 2) Episodic Memories
- Semantic Memories
- General knowledge
- Episodic Memories
- Personal recollections
- Chunking
- A meaningful unit of information; it may be composed of smaller units
- Serial-Position Effect
- The tendancy for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list
- Encoding
- selecting the main ideas, label concepts, or associate the information with personal experiences or with material you already know
- Maintenance Rehearsal
- Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availablity in memory
- Elaborative Rehearsal
- Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
- Deep Processing
- In the encoding of information, the processing of meaning rather than simply the physical of sensory features of a stimulus
- Mnemonics
- Strategies and tricks for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula
- Decay
- the theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed. it applies more to short-term than long-term memory
- Replacement
- theory holds that new information entering memory can wipe out old information
- Interference
- 3rd theory holds that forgetting occurs because similar items of information interfere with one another in either storage or retrieval; the info may get into memory and stay there, but it becomes confused with other info two types: 1) Retroactive Interference 2) Proactive Interference
- Retroactive Interference
- Forgetting that occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
- Proactive Interference
- Forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ablitiy to remember similar, more recently learned material
- Cue-Dependent
- The inability to retrieve information stored in memory because of insuffcient cues for recall
- Repression
- In psychoanalytic theory, the involuntary pushing of threatening or upsetting information into the unconscious
- Childhood Amnesia
- The inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life.
- Theories of Childhood Amnesia
- 1) Lack of a sense of self 2) Impoverished Encoding 3) A focus on the routine 4) Children's ways of thinking about the world