MC 2020
Terms
undefined, object
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- Four functions of language
-
tool for getting things done
facilitates thought and creativity
key element in shaping society
links past with present, making civilation possible - Political uses of language
-
information dissemination
agenda-setting
interpretation and linkage
prejection for the future and the past
action stimulation - strategic uses of political language
-
argumentation and persuasion
indentifications
reinforcement
inoculation- acknowledge the other side - examples of inoculation
- bush talking about war on 9.11. saying knows people dont want war and neither does he but this is why it cant be right
- Euphemisms
- the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt
- examples of euphemisms for lying
- fib, misrepresentation, abnormal aberration, plausible denial
- defintion of a frame:
- structure of beliefs that individuals use to organize, interpret, and convey info and ideas
- internal frames...
- frames based on own experiences
- external frames...
- beliefs that are imposed by policy-makers, activists, and the media
- Elements of a frame
- context, numbers, messengers, visuals, metaphors, stories, values
- an argument is constituted of
- claims linked to evidence or good reasons
- what is an enthymeme
- an argument that draws its premises from generally accepted beliefs
- analytic arguments contain
-
the conclusion
ex: mathematical arguments - factual claim
- can be determined whether it is true of false
- judgements express...
- priorities, values that are different from person to person
- circular reasoning can be descibed as
- begging the question, the use of part of the conclusion for evidence.
- example of circular reasoning
-
I told you so
exercise is healthy beacuse your body needs it - hasty generalization
- the conclusion is based on insufficient evidence
- sweeping generalization
- making assumptions based on a whole
- non sequitur
- the establishment of cause and effect
- the incorrect assumption that two events that follow each other in time are causally related
- false cause...you walked under a ladder and then tripped on an uneven sidewalk
- either-or fallacy
- assuming the issue only has two sides or two solutions
- emotional appeal
- appeals to emotions and prejudices of people
- false analogy
-
an extended comparison between two otherwise unlike things.
doesnt address the problem
more people die in their sleep than they do from smoking - bandwagon appeal
-
"everyone else is doing it"
80% of dentist use this tooth brush - ad hominem
- an attack on a person rather than an issue or argument at hand
- red herring
- something added to an argument to divert the attention from the argument
- straw man argument
-
attacks something by attacking a helpless caricature of it
prayer in schools - slippery slope argument
- one thing will lead to another
- Tuppen says communicator will receive credibility if they have/are
-
truthworthiness
expertise
dynamism
co-orientation
charisma -
Power leads to...
Attractiveness leads to...
Credibility leads to... -
compliance
identification
internalization - Similarity
- resemblance between the source and recipient of the message
- familiarity
- knowledge of the source through repeated or prolonged exposure
- likeability
- like the source because of appearance, behavior, and other traits
- Problem with using celebrities (4)
-
overshadow product
overexposed reducing credibility
target audience may not respond to the celebrity
celebrity behavior risk factor -
ethos is equal to
derived by -
character
aristotle - rational/ legal cridibility includes
- ability and objectivity
- objectivity's two types of sources
-
willing sources (press releases)
reluctant sources - Pathos is
-
emotional appeal
attractiveness, relation to the person - Milgram's study involved
- unquestioning obedience to orders
- milgram's experiment was
- shock therapy from teachers to students (actors). seeing if teacher would go to highest shock level. 65% of teachers went to highest level
- beliefs are
- what we know to be true
- attitudes are defined as
- predispositions to behave a certain way
- way of measuring attitudes (4)
-
just ask
survey
observe
assosiation - an organzized set of related attitudes
- values
- which of the following is most difficult to change: beliefs, values, attitudes
- values
-
t/f
attitudes are not the easiest to change - false...easily changed through persuasion
- ex situation of attitudes, beliefs, and values
-
attitude: dont like junk food
belief: expensive, fattenting
values: health conscious - explain stimulus response theory
- rewards to reinforce desired attitudes and behaviors
- attribution theory
- making inferences about the motives of other
- balance theory is described as what
-
people wanting their behaviors to be in harmony with their values.
also goes for people you like and dislike - example of balance theory
- rhoda and mary are friends. rhoda is prochoice mary prolife. negative relationship
- how to resolve conflict through example
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denial: no sexual relation with woman
bolstering: positive side of clinton
differentiation: poltical to private side of clinton
transcendence: clinton is victim for being taken down - change in attitude occurs when we receive __________
- justification
- dissonance occurs during______
- decision making
- attitudes are comprised of three components
- cognitive, behavioral, and emotional
- attitude functions (4)
-
utilitarian
knowledge function
ego-defensive function
value-expression function - ego-defensive function
- promote our own self-esteem
- value-expression function
- the way we express ourselves with our values
- selective exposure
- utility, enlightened self-interest, proximity, involvement, consistent and reinforing
- selective attention
- attention span, novelty, concreteness, size, length
- explain social theory
- current beliefs serve as internal anchors
- three latitudes of social judgment
- acceptance, no commitment, and rejection
- between acceptable and neutral there may be _________
- assimilation
- what are the two routes to persuasion
- central processing route and peripheral route
- people have _________ to process information
- limited capacity
- people react to persuasive message based on whether they are
-
motivated to process
able to process - enough room
have pre-existing attitudes towards the message - "audience"
- the process of aggregating individuals into a larger and cohesive unit
- social proof
- deciding what you believe after learning what other people think
- what is dial group testing used for.
- to measure audience acceptance of specific shows or advertisements
- this is used to trigger beliefs that people already have
- principle of identification
- universal commonplace
- widely accepted cultural beliefs
- the basic needs filled by interpersonal communication
- affection, inclusion, and control
- three perspectives of interpersonal communication
- humanistic, pragmatic, and social exchange
- pragmatic perspectives
- goal driven
- social exchange
- rewards from relationship
- types of nonverbal communication include
-
body communication
facial and eye communication
artifactual communication
spatial communication
tactile comm.
paralanguage - Five sources of power
- coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, referent
- coercive power
- punishments, consequences
- reward
- something of value in exchange for something someone did for you
- legitimate
- authority, boss/parent
- expert
- expertise in situation, know what's best
- referent
- having lots of respect
- leadership communication styles
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authoritarian leadership
democratic leadership
laissez-faire leadership - democratic leadership includes
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asking people what they think
increase in participation
allows for innovation - laissez-faire leadership
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allows people to do their own thing
would work really well in a well motivated group