250 Exam 2
Terms
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40-hour work week turns into __ hour work week because...
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technology allows 24/7 contact w/ work
people work harder (due to job insecurities?)
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percent of teens who have seriously thought about suicide: ___
percent who have attempted it: ___
percent who complete it: ___
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25, 10, .01
- best treatment for depression
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fluoxetine + CBT
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biological aging
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decline in functioning of organs and systems.
differences seen because of genetics, lifestyle choices, living environment
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central characteristics of postformal thought
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relativism - awareness of multiple truths
contradiction
synthesis - take emotional and logical thoughts and integrate them into one cohesive decision
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changes in physical appearance
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loss of collagen = thinner, wrinklier skin
gray, thinning hair ~30
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cohabitation and divorce
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cohabitation does not lead to marital success, divorce rates higher, but does not necessarily cause divorce
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college = temporary increase in ____ behavior
- binge drinking
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communal mode of love
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give without expecting to receive, if not can lead to problems
- conflict decreases in ______adolescence
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later.
because able to have more independence through part-time job and having a driver's license
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consummate love
- ideal form of love which involves all three facets of triangular theory
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critique of Marcia
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-not necessarily development, some go backwards, some forwards
-may not be single status for one person
-identity formation does not end up with emerging adulthood
-foreclosure not necessarily bad
- dutch study on autonomy
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asked teens and parents about best age to do independence-related tasks
agreed on sequence, but not timing (teens said earlier)
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Effects of Formal Operations
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- thinking about possibilities (what if)
- thinking about hypothesis (if then)
- thinking about abstract concepts
- second-order thoughts (thinking about thinking - consequences of rumors)
- able to carry on a discussion
- emotion and adolescence
- teens more emotional than adults - more euphoric and depressed in response to everyday life events (much more sensitive)
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erikson's stage 5
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identity vs. role confusion
deciding who to be when transitioning into adulthood (identity) vs. failure in identity formation marked by lack of adult path (role confusion)
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Erikson's stage 6
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intimacy vs. isolation
-intimacy = mutually satisfying, close relationship with another person
-need to balance the two: w/o intimacy face lonliness, isolation, self-absorption; w/o independence face defining self only in terms of oth
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factors predicting marital success
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1. communication of emotion
2. homogamy - similar values/interests
3. age at marriage
4. length of courtship
5. timing of first pregnancy
6. warm, positive relationship with extended family
7. stable marital pa
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gender differences in suicide
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boys:girls = 5:1
girls make more threats/unsuccessful attempts
- homogamy
- we choose a mate who is similar to us in external status, needs, interests, attitudes
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identity achievement
- a chosen, thought-out adult life path
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identity diffusion
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person aimless, without any life path
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identity foreclosure
- diffusion leads to this; acquisition of identity without any active seeking or thought
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imaginary audience
- belief that everyone is watching their every move, very self-conscious
- individuation
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becoming an individual, becoming emotionally separate from one's parents
conflict between this and autonomy peaks in mid-adolescence
- intrinsic and extrinsic career rewards
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intrinsic - satisfy creativity, autonomy
extrinsic - work for external reinforcements like salary, prestige
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invincibility fable
- belief that one is immune to common dangers
- limitations of piaget's formal operations stage
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- not as early of an onset as he thought
- not universal: not every adult can reason like scientists or debate abstract topics
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Marcia's Four Identity Statuses
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-identity diffusion
-identity foreclosure
-moratorium
-identity achievement
- monk experiment
- at-risk teens respond more to negative faces than adults
- moratorium
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authorized period of waiting or delay
Erikson said that young people should take this to search for their identity during the fifth social stage of development.
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more likely to stay in college if you...
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become emotionally connected to school
find student-oriented faculty member
get to know advisor and find one you like
take advantage of work-study experiences
find diverse group of friends in school
live in dorms
get
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negative resolution of erikson's stage 6
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isolation - inability/failure to achieve close relationship
- other key features of adolescence
- sensitive to hypocrisy and difficulty in making decisions
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people who cohabitate are
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less religious, of lower SES, and less conventional
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personal fable
- belief that one's thoughts, experiences, and feelings are unique - no one else could possibly understand what they are going through
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physical functioning in young adulthood
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physical prime in this stage - peaks at 30
health status peaks from 20-30 (disease rare, fewer colds and infections than childhood, only 1% of young adults limited by health condition)
body reaches full form - generally see weight gain&nbs
- Piaget's 4th stage
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Formal Operation Stage
- adolescent can reach abstract, scientific label
- at ~12 years
- thinking more abstract, hypothetical, systematic
- positive resolution of erikson's stage 6
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intimacy, committed relationship with sacrifice, compromise
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postformal thought
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accept contradiction and integrate different viewpoints into larger conceptual understanding
involves reasoning that is adapted to subjective, real-life contexts
subjective feelings, personal experiences must be integrated with object
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risk factors for suicide
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cannot solve problems and lack coping strategies to deal with stressors
biggest determinant: availability of lethal means (guns used in 52% of suicides)
- risk-taking study
- teens do much more dangerous behavior when with social groups than when alone; young adults don't have as much difference
- smoking
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single biggest contributor to health problems
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sources of conflict for teens and parents
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discussion and issues of independence
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three reasons for cohabitation
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- limited cohabitation - based on convenience, share expenses - no long-term commitment
- premarital cohabitation - trial marriage
- substitute marriage - long-term commitment without legal marriage
- Triangular theory of love
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can break love down into three components:
-passion - sexual arousal
-intimacy - feelings of closeness
-commitment - marriage or exclusive, lifelong cohabiting relationships
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U-shaped curve in marital happiness
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honeymooners have highest bliss
10% say bliss lasts throughout, 90% say goes downhill from there
downhill slope levels out after year 4 - if make it there, are past "danger zone"
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what brain region changes most during adolescence?
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cerebellum
therefore, takes a long time to navigate a complex social world and juggle school, family, and social life
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what is seen in emerging adulthood?
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-better behavioral control
-improved cognitive function
-big adjustments and decisions (leaving home, finding career, finding partner)
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women have less job security because...
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lower paying job categories
get paid less than men in same job
have less continuous careers
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yurgleman-todd conclusions
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adolescents misread emotions on faces probably because adolescents and adults engage different brain regions (adults = frontal lobe; adol = amygdala)
may explain communication problems between adults and teens