TAMS, Dr. Ayre, Biology, Ch. 30
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What are mycologists?
- Scientists who study fungi.
- What are some of the common characteristics of fungi?
- They are heterotrophic, have several cell types, cell walls of chitin, nuclear mitosis, and some have a dikaryon stage.
- What are hyphae? What are septa? What are mycelium?
- Slender filaments of fungus cells. Porous cross-walls between cells of hyphae. Masses of connected hyphae.
- What does it mean for a hypha compartment to be monokaryotic or dikaryotic? What does it mean to be heterokaryotic or homokaryotic?
- Monokaryotic compartments have one nucleas. Dikaryotic compartments have two, and the ones with different genomes in each nucleus are called heterokaryotic. The ones with similar nuclei are homokaryotic.
- How do fungi reproduce sexually?
- Two haploid hyphae fuse. Sometimes there is a dikaryotic stage before nuclear fusion. The septa of the reproductive compartment seal. A spore is formed or, in chytrids, a motile zoospore.
- How do fungi obtain nutrients?
- They use external digestion. Some fungi are predatory and can snare, trap, or shoot their prey.
- What are yeasts? How are they and other fungi important to humans?
- Single celled fungi. Wine, bread dough, hallucinogens. Some fungi help in bioremediation because they can break down almost any carbon-containing compound.
- In fungal symbiosis, pathogens and parasites both obtain resources from a host, but what is the difference between them?
- Pathogens cause disease, parasites do not.
- Fungi have a mutualistic symbiotic relationship to what in Lichens? In Mycorrhizae?
- Green Algae or Cyanobacteria. Plant Roots.
- What are the four groups within the kingdom Fungi? Which two are monophyletic?
- Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota. Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
- Describe Chytridiomycota.
- They are aquatic, flagellated fungi with motile zoospores. They are the most archaic fungal group.
- Describe Zygomycota.
- They lack septa except when forming sporangia or gametangia. They are named for a sexual structure, the zygosporangium. They form clumps of stalks called sporangiophores with sporangia on the tips. They reproduce asexually more often then sexually.
- Where does a zygosporangium form?
- The place where the two haploid nuclei in a zygomycota fuse in sexual reproduction.
- Describe Basidiomycota.
- They have a club-shaped basidium which produces basidiospores. Mycelium can either be primary (monokaryotic) or secondary (dikaryotic). Basidiocarps (mushrooms) are made of secondary mycelium.
- Describe Ascomycota.
- They have perforated septa. They have a cup-like ascocarp and reproduce sexually by ascospores produced in the ascus. Asexually, the reproduce with conidia produced in the conidiophores.
- In a lichen, what does each member of the symbiosis contribute to the other?
- Fungi give protection from the sun. The green algae or cyanobacteria produce nutrients for the fungus.
- What are mycorrhizae? What are the different types?
- Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots that aid in nutrient absorption. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (hyphae penetrate outer cells) and ectomycorrhizae (hyphae surround outer cells).
- What are endophytes? What sort of relationship do they have with their symbiant?
- Fungi that live inside plants. They can be parasitic or commensalistic, but evidence is growing that they can be mutualistic.