HC100
Terms
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- the radicle is the a)primary root b)primary shoot
- a)primary root
- the plumule is the a)primary root or b)primary shoot
- b)primary shoot
- the radicle grows downward through a protective sheath called ________from which the primary root develops
- coleorhiza
- Roots that grow from the shoot axis just at or above the soil surface (not from the radicle)
- adventitious roots
- protects emerging plumule, is a sheath like leaf
- coleoptile
- Pistillates are a)male or b)female and appear at the _____
-
b)female
base of one or more sheath leaves - Staminates are a)male or b)female and appears at the _____of the plant
-
a)male
top - an ovary of a monocot develops into a fruit called a __________
- caryopsis
- between cotyledons on a dicot lies a growing point...an apical or ______ meristem
- shoot
- stem region above cotyledans
- epicotyl
- stem regions below cotyledans
- hypocotyl
- cytology
- study of components of cells and their functions
- chromoplasts with chlorophyl are ________responsible for photosynthesis in leaves and some stems
- chloroplasts
- Within the nucleas are chromosomes which form long lengths of ______and contain genetic info coding for all cell funtions, and reproduction
- DNA (genetic codes are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and trasnlated into proteins on the ribosomes
- two basic kinds of tissues distinguished from plants
- permenant or meristematic tissue
- tap roots develop downward together w/limited lateral growth include
- carrots beets ,alfalfa turnips, cotton oaks and pecans
- fibrous root branch in many directions and include
- grain crops, grasses, shallow root trees
- Principle tissue of cylindrical zone under the epidermis extending inward to the phloem(cortex) when cells are wounded, they heal and regenerate other kinds of tissue, found in all parts of plants
- parenchyma tissue
- a complex tissue that coducts water and dissolved minerals from root to all other parts of the plant
- xylem
- a complex tissue that conducts food and metabolits from the leaves to the stem, flowers, roots, and storage organs
- phloem
- dissolved mineral nutrients and water are absorbed by extension of the epidermal cells called
- root hairs
- the cork cambium (phellogen) is meristematic tissue that provides cells that grow both outward and inward
- outward cells become cork cells, the inward phelloderm
- pore openings in trees and shrub that allow inward and outward diffusion of gases
- lenticels
- underground stem and grows horizontally
- rhizome
- stem growing horizontally above ground
- stolons
- Thickedned compresses stems that grow underground
- Corms
- underground stems which survive the cold of winter
- bulb
- attatches blade to the stem
- petiole
- the flat this part that the leaf is made of
- blade
- stipules lie at the base of the
- petiole
- Complete flowers consist of
- sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil
- flowers w/stamens and pistils
- perfect flowers
-
flowers w/stamens only,
w/pistils only -
stamenate,
pistillate - born both stamenate and pistilate flowers on the same plant
- monecious
- simple fruits w/single ovary formed from one flower, fleshy, semifleshy or dry
- aggregate and multiple fruits form from several ovaries (strawberry)
- classification below species
- botonical variety
- cultivars consist of clones and _____
- lines
- propogated by vegetative methods are called
- clones
- if propogated by seeds
- lines
- more than one cultivar of a particular kind of plant, similar cultivars are classified into _______
- groups (name of group is written within parentheses between the s pecies name and cultivar name and always capitalized
- the leaf like scales that encirle the other flower parts are the
- sepals
- sepals collevtively
- calyx
- collevtive term for petals
- corolla
- perianth are collectively the ___and _____
- sepals and petals
- The stamen conists of a filament and anther which ___
- produces pollen
- collectively the stamens are called
- androecium
- pistil is composed of these three parts
- stigma (receptive surface for pollen), style (tube connected to stigma, and the ovary which is attached to the placenta and deevelops into the seed after pollination and fertilization
- simple pistil
- one carpel
- compound pistil
- two plus fused carpels
- carpels collectively
- gynoecium
- the white potato; enlarged flshy terminal portions of underground stems
- tuber
- protects the stem, the ____ of leaves and young stems have pores (stomata) which allow for the exchange of gasses
- epidermis
- lies ust below the epidermis and encircles the inner core of vascular tissue, comprises parenchyma, collenchyma, and clerenchyma
- cortex
- endodermis is found in the _____and contain a casparian strip which is water proof
- root only
- the epidermis protects
- stems, leaves, flowers, and roots
- apical meristem are the part of the plant where___and produces epidermis, cortex, primary xylem, phloem, and central pith
- above ground
- produces new cells mcrometers behind apical meristem, new internode growth of stem
- subapical meristem
- ________meristem are just above the nodes in the lower region of leaf sheath divide
- intercallary
- these meristems produce secondary growth, start below apical or subapical, they are vascular cambium
- lateral
- long tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits (part of xylem)
- tracheids
- phloem conducts food and metabolits from the leaevs to the stem, flowers, roots and storage organs
- companion cells are part of phloem
- "cultivated plants originated in 8 independant centers"
- Vavilov
- "cultivated plantes originated in noncenters and the plant species originated at same time over wide geographical spread"
- Harlan
- maintain, evaluate, catalog, and distribute all types of plant germplams, give scientists gerplam needed to carry out work
- National Plant Gerplasm System
- 2n chrom. number/diploid
- chromosomes
- in sex cells (egg and sperm) the number is reduced to half, 1n, or______
- haploid
- links two sugar bases in DNA
- Hydrogen bond
- sugar residues linked by phosphates are the backbone of ____
- DNA
- The four bases of DNA
-
cytosine = guanin
adenine = thymine - Uracil as base instead of thymine, contols growth process of cell, one more o2 atom than DNA
- RNA
- messenger rna carries genetic instructions just as transfer RNA does what
- brings the amino acids to the ribosomes to construct proteins
- a homologous chromosome
- same gene/gene affecting the same trait
- crossing over occurs during the pairing of two sets of
- homologous chromosomes
- gamete (1n) + male gamete (1n)= 2n or______
- zygote
- fertilization: male and femal gamete join to form
- zygote
- during fertilization one male gamete cobines w/two polar nuclei (1n each) to form what
- the endosperm (3n in angiosperms)
- angiosperms are
- seed bearing plant which the female gamete is protected by enclosed ovary
- produces pollen grains called microspores
- anther
- autogamy is pollination within _______
- the same flower
- axillary bud is a bud formed where
- in the axil of the leaf
- a carpel is the ___reproductive organ in flowering plants
- female
- dioecious plants must be grown next to one another because_________
- they are individual plants w/either the pistillate or staminate
- lack of growth of seeds, buds, bulbs or tubers due to unfavorable environmental conditions (external or quiescence) or factors w/in the organ itself (internal or rest)
- dormancy
- egg plus sperm to form zygote
- ferilization
- genotype is teh genetic makeup of ____
- a nucleaus or individual
- the offspring of two plants differing in one or more mendelian characters
- hybrid
- external physical appearance of an organism
- phenotype
- perennial is a plant that grows
- anually
- the fruit wall which develops from the ovary wall
- pericarp
- plants in which all members have descended by self fertilization from a single homozygois individual
- pure line
- to scratch chip or nick seed coverings to aid germination and enhance the passage of water and gases
- scarification
- exposing imbnibed seeds to cool or warm tmps. for a period of time before germination in order to break dormancy
- stratification
- terminal buds are buds that are at the distal end of a _______
- stem
- biennials an perennials have these meristems which produce secodary xylem and secondary phloem cells
- vascular cambium
- more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in vegetative cells
- polyploidy
- float test
- float the seed, floaters are empty
- tetrazolium test
- part of seed living turns red, nonliving white, embryo red: viable, white:not viable
- excised embryo test
- for woody plants that dont respont to sample germination
- seed coats impermeable to water and gas is called ___and can be fixed by weathering, microorganisms actions, or passive thru digestive tract of animals
- seed coat dormancy
- germination blocks embryo even though environmental conditions are favorable
- embryo dormancy
- stratification (chilling or heating to help embryo dormancy) requires
- chilling temperatures, moisture, adequate o2, period of time
- both seed coat and embryo dormancy, ex:redbud
- double dormancy
- plants that shed fruits before the embryo w/in the seed has matured enough to germinat
- rudimentary embryos
- chemicals blocking germination, fixed w/running water, can be in seed coat or pericarp (ovary wall_
- chemical inhibitors
- seeds ready to germinate after germination blocks are removed, but become dormant again because of an environmental condition
- secodary dormancy
- labeled w/white tag, produced in small amounts and under control of breeder, planted to produce foundation seed
- breeder seed
- multiplied from breeder seed, planted to produce registered seed,controlled by public or private foundation orgainzations, white tag
- foundation seed
- seed source for growers of certified seed and under control of registered seed producers
- Registered
- avail in larger quantities and sold to farmers, blue tag, known genetic identity and purity
- Certified seed
- moisture, temperature, aeration, light, no pathogenic organisms, and freedom from toxic amounts of salt are all _____-factors affecting germination
- environmental
- line is to propogation as ____is to asexual methods
- clone...both maintain characteristics
-
annual dies after one year, the perennial does the same
t or f - f)perennial produces new seed from tear to year
- completes lifecylce in two seasons
- biennial
- chimeras are mutations that affect the whole shoot t or f
- f)only portion of shoot
- genetic variation w/in a species that has adapted to a dif. environment, butis interfertile w/all other members of species
- ecotype
- the _____allows for gas exchange in leaves
- stomate
- swollen underground base of a stem axis w/nodes and internodes
- corms
- stem growing horizontally just at or slightly below soil surface
- rhizomes(bamboo)
- annuals are herbaceous (nonwoody) 1 growing season, what is biennial
- herbaceous plants require two seasons, and perennials are herbaceous or woody````
- anther and stigma same plant
- self pollination
- same cultivar is self pollination, different cultivars are
- cross pollination
- uses small pieces of tissue called explants to regenerate a new shoot system
- micropropagation or tissue culture
- new/improved plants developed not by hybridization, but by fusing protoplasts from cells of dif plants
- protoplast fusion
- embryo, seed coat, mother cells and microsporangium, ovule
- 2n
- megaspore, storage tissue, female gametophyte, pollen grains, sperms
- 1n
- proving a cultivar is yours
- fingerprinting
- x equals geno (on a tetraploid is 68)
-
4x=68
x=17 - a ramet is
- daughter plant from original or other ramets
- ortet
- original plant which the ramet is derived
- water, xylem up
- carbohydrates, phloem down
- chemotechnology
- study of proteins
- L1
- epidermis
- L2
- outer cortex, gives rise to cells that eventually become gametes
- L3
- inner cortex vascular cylinder and pit
- somatic cells carry______
- 2 copies of every chromosome
- reproduction asexually thru seeds
- apomixis