Microbiology Video 4
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- What is diagnosed using a Direct Florescent Antibody Test?
-
Legionairres
Whooping Couph (Bordatella Pertussis) - What are the distinguishing characteristics of all Campylobacter?
-
Gram negative curved rod with polar flagella
MICROAEROPHILIC - What will a disease that attacks the colon appear as clinically?
- bloody type mucus, white blood cell infection
- What will a disease that attacks the small intestine appear as, clinically?
- diarrhea, watery, vomiting type infection
- What are the two organisms that are microaerophilic?
- Campylobacter and helicobacter
- What does campylobacter jejuni cause?
- gastroenteritis
- What is the classic description of the microscopic appearance of campylobacter?
- gulls wings
- How do we get campylobacter?
- Fecal-oral, primarily from chicken, but all kinds of animals have this organism
- What is the clinical appearance of campylobacter?
-
it attacks the COLON and is a bloody, pusy, mucus diarrhea
Patient will be haveing 10 or more stools per day - Where does campylobacter attack?
- Colon
- What is the most common infectious diarrhea worldwide?
- Campylobacter jejuni
- What is helicobacter pylori a cause of?
- gastritis and duodenal ulcers, which can lead to stomach cancer
- What is the reservoir for helicobacter pylori and what is the ode of transmission?
-
humans
Fecal-oral or oral-oral - What is the test for helicobacter pylori?
- Person is fed radioactive Carbon-13 urea, and then the urease from the organism breaks up the urea and produces Carbon 13 carbon dioxide, which is measurable
- What are the virulence factors of helicobacter?
-
urease-positve - ammonium cloud neutralizeds stomach acid, allowing survival
Mucinase - aids in penitration of mucous layer it helps survive the rapid shift down to neutral as it penitrates into stomach lining, where pH is neutral. - What is the treatment for helicobacter?
-
Two antibiotics, one of which is metronidazol
peptobismol
proton pump inhibitor - What are the distinguishing characteristics of all organisms in the Enterobacteriaceae family?
-
Gram-negative rods
Facultative anaerobes
Cytochrome C oxidase negative
Reduce nitrates to nitrites - What the the pathogenicity of the enterobacteriaceae due to?
-
endotoxin
sometimes exotoxin
O, H, K, Vi Antigens -
What is the O antigen?
H?
K?
Vi? -
O = Outer Membrane
H = flagellar antigen
K = capsular polysacccharide antigen
Vi = Salmonella capsular antigen - Which antigen is important in neonatal menengitis and what organism does it belong to?
- K1 antigen of E.Coli
- What is the media that you always put gram negative organisms on?
-
MacConckeys
it allows gram negative organisms to grow, but not gram positives.
It also differentiate lactose fermenters from non-lactor fermenters.
If the colonoy turns pink it is a lactose fermenter. - What are some of the main lactose fermenters?
-
Citrobacter
Escherichia
Enterbacter
Klabsiella - What is the mneumonic for lactose fermenters?
-
CEEK
Citrobacter
Escherichia
Enterbacter
Klabsiella - What are some good examples of non-lactose fermenters?
-
Shigella
Yersinia
Proteus
Salmonella - What is the mneumonic for non-lactose fermenters?
-
ShYPS
Shigella
Yersinia
Proteus
Salmonella - What is good examples of non-lactose fermenters without flagella and also without H2S?
-
Shigella
Yersinia - What does the TSI test for and hao is it indicated?
-
H2S
The presence of H2S produces a black pigment in the TSI test. - What are some good examples of Non-lactose fermenters that do have flagella and do produse H2S?
-
Salmonella
Proteus - What would Salmonella and Proteus do on the TSI test and why?
- They would produce a black pigment on the TSI test due to their production of H2S
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of Escherichia coli?
-
Gram negative rod
Facultative anaerobic
oxidase negative
Lactose fermenter - What is another type of medium, besides MacConkey's, that distinguishes lactose from non-lactose fermenting?
- EMB - eosin-methylene blue agar
- What color does E. coli turn a TSI test?
- yellow
- Why does E.Coli turn a TSI test yellow and what does this mean?
- it mean it fermented all of the sugars in there and there is lots of acid produced. Thus there is a lot of change in the pH indicator. On TSI (triple sugar iron) this is known as acid over acid over gas H2S negative
-
What is the reservoir for E. coli?
enterohemorrhagic strains? -
Human colon
enterhemorrhagic - bovine feces - What are the two most common organisms found in our colon?
-
1. Bacteroides
2. E. coli - What is the number one cause of UTI's in females?
- E. Coli
- What diseases does E. coli cause?
-
-UTI's
-Neonatal septicemia nd meningitis
-Septicemia
-Gastroenteritides/Diarrheas - What type of E. coli causes the neonatal meningitis?
- K1 capsule type
- What is the three most common causes of neonatal meningitis?
-
1. Strep Agalactica
2. E. Coli with K1 capsule
3. Listeria - What is the mechanism by which E. Coli causes septicemia?
- Enters through catheter or IV and endotoxing triggers shock
- What is the cause of traveler's diarrhea?
- ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli)
- wher is ETEC found?
- in the small intestine
- What is the mechanism of ETEC?
- release toxins which increse cAMP in the cells which increases fluid release.
- What are the two most common types of infantile diarrhea?
-
1. rotovirus
2. EPEC (enteropathogenic E. Coli -
Does ETEC invade?
where? - NO
- How will a child with enteropathogenic E. Coli look?
- very dehydrated
-
Where does EIEC invade?
what does it stand for? - Enteroinvasive E. coli invades the LARGE BOWEL
- What other organism is EIEC very similar to?
- Shigella dysenteriae
- What is found in the stool sample of EIEC?
- blood, pus, mucus
- What E. Coli is associated with hamburger meat and toxin does it produce?
-
EHEC (enterhemorrhagic E. coli)
Also known as VEROTOXIN producing E. coli (VPEC) - What is the most common serotype of EHEC?
- O157:H7
- What diseases does EHEC produce?
- hemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic uremia syndrome
- What distinguishes EHEC from shigellosis?
- Shigellosis produces a fever while EHEC assoc. diseases there is NO FEVER.
- What serotype of E.coli is accuired from hamburger meat?
- O157:H7
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of Shigella?
-
Gran Negative Rod
Enterbacteriaceae
Non-lactose fermenter
Non-motile - What does Shigella cause?
- bacillary dysentery
- What is the reservior for shigella?
- HUMAN COLON ONLY (no animal carriers)
- What is Shigella notorious for?
- Spreading throughout daycares
- What is the route of transmission?
- Fecal-oral
- What type of E. coli is serotype O157:H7?
- EHEC
- What are the three activities of shiga toxin?
-
entertoxic - fluid produced
cytotoxic - kills cells
neurotoxic - some effect on the nervous system - Why does Shigella spread throughout daycare centers so quickly?
- It only takes 1-10 organisms to start infection
- What is the treatment for shigella?
-
mild cases are self limiting
make sure that kids are washing hands after using the bathroom - What is the mechanism of shigella toxin?
- AB component toxin - inhibits protein synthesis by clipping 60S ribosomal subunit
- What are the identifying characteristics of all Klebsiella?
-
Gram-negative rod
Enterobacteriaceae
GIGANTIC capsule - What are the major distinguishing characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae?
-
Gram-negative rod
Gigantic capsule
Lactose fermenting colonies
Mucoid looking material - How would you distinguish someone with pneumonia from Strep. Pneumonia from pneumonia from Klebsiella Pneumonia?
- The Strep pneumonia will be producing a Rusty sputum with chills while the Klebsiella patient will be very clammy because Klebsiella will result in an endotoxin shock. The Klebsiella patient will also producs a currant jelly sputum.
- What tests would you perform on a patient that comes in with pneumonia to distinguish Strep. pneum. from kleb. pneum.?
-
Blood agar
macConkeys Agar
Gram stain - What would you treat Strep pneumo with?
- penicillin
- Who is likely to infect and what makes Klebsiella hard to treat?
- Klebsiella infects old, alcoholic, diabetics and forms abcesses.
- What is the prevention for Klebsiella?
- good catheter care; limit catheter use
- What are the distinguishing characteristics for all Salmonella?
-
Gram - negative Rod (Enterobacteriaceae)
Non-lactose fermenter
Motile
Produces H2S - What are the dieseases caused by Salmonella?
-
Enteric or Typhoid Fever (Salmonella Typhi)
Gastroenteritis
Septicemia - What is one identification difference between Shigella and salmonella?
- Salmonella has flagella while Shigella has no flagella
- What are the distinguishing characteristics for Salmonella typhi?
-
Gram-negative rod
highly motile
non-lactose fermenting
Produces H2S
Sensitive to acid - What disease does Salmonella typhi cause?
- Typhoid/Enteric Fever
- What is the reservoir for Salmonella typhi and what other organism is this similar to?
-
Humans only (no aminals)
This is the same as shigella. - What is the mode of transmission?
- oral-fecal
- Who is especially succeptible to Salmonella
- people with SICKLE CELLS
- What is the path of infection for this organism?
- Ingestion - enters small intestine - penetrates the small intestine and goes into PEYER'S PATCHES and MESENTERIC LYMPH NODES - spreads through blood stremam to the LIVER, SPLEEN, and RES system (causing hte fever). Most importantly, it goes to the GALL BLADDER.
- What will you see in a person with Salmonella typhi?
-
CHOLEOCYSTITIS
fever
increased size of liver, spleen
been to place with contaminated water/food. - What is the pathogenesis of Salmonella Typhi?
- Enters, spreads to PEYERS PATCHES, spread throughout body, causes fever, go into macrophages
- Clinically, what is one sign of Salmonella typhi?
- Rose spot
- How is the ty21 vaccing given and what type of vaccing is it?
- it is an attenuated vaccine and it is given orally
- What are the Non-typhoidal Salmonella?
-
Salmonella enteritidis
Salmonella typhimiuium
other species - What are the distinguishing characteristics of Non- typhoidal Salmonellae?
-
Gram-negative rods
non-lactose fermenting
Produce H2S
have flagella - Where are the Non-typhoidal salmonella found?
- digestive tracts of animals
- What animals especially have Salmonella?
- chickens and turtles
- What is the main type of salmonella from other animals such as chicken or turtles?
- Salmonella enteritidis
- What are the distinguishing features of yersinia organisms?
-
gran -negative rods
Enterobacteriaceae - Oxidase wise, what is one distinguishing characteristic of all enterobacteriaceae?
- oxidse negative
- What is the disease yersinia pestis causes?
- The Bubonic Plague
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of yersinia Pestis?
-
Gram negative
bipolar staining
facultative intracellular parasite
Coagulase positive - Why must you be careful when handeling yersinia?
- specimens and cultures are hazardous
- What is the reservoir for yersinia pestis?
- flea, rodent
- What is the deadly form of yersinis pestis?
- respiratory
- What disease does proteus cause?
- UTI's
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of all proteus organisms?
-
Gram negative rod
enterbacteriaceae
peritrichous flagella (flagella all over cell)
Non-lactose fermenting
Urease positive - What does Proteus look similar to under the microscope?
- Salmonella
- What are two of the most identifying facts about proteus?
-
it is UREASE POSITIVE and
IT SWARMS ON MEDIA (due to its high motility) - What happens to the urine in a proteus infection.
- The pH is raised due to the UREASE, whish causes staghorn renal calculi
-
Proteus serogroups are used in the diagnosis of a disease?
What are these serotypes and what do they diagnose? - The OX strains of Proteus vulgaris cross react with antidodies from most rickettsial diseases?
- What is the name of the test used to test for rickettsial disease with Proteus strains?
- Weil-Felix test
- What is the name of the organism that causes cholera?
- Vibrio cholera
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of the Vibrio genus?
-
Gram negative curved rod with polar flagella
Oxidase positive - What family is the Vibrio genus in?
- Vibrionaceae
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of Vibrio Cholera?
-
"Shooting Star" motility
Oxidase positive
Growth on alkaline but not acidic media - What media does Vibrio cholera grow on?
- TCBS = Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt sucrose medium
- What is the type of Vibrio cholerae that is presnet in South America now?
- Vibrio cholerae with antigen O1, biotype El Tor, and sub-serotype Inaba
- How does Vibreo cholerae cause it's disease (pathogenesis)?
- Chelera enterotxin ADP Rybosylates Gs alpha which activates adenylate cyclase, which leads to increased cAMP, which leads to and efflux of Cl- and water (diarrhea)
- What other toxin is the cholera enterotxin similar to?
- E. coli LT
- What is the reservoir and how is vibrio cholerae spread?
- reservoir is in human colon and it is spread via the fecal-oral route.
- What is the clinical presentation of Vibrio cholerae infection?
-
Rice water stools
tremendous fluid loss - Where is Vibrio parahaemolyticus found?
- undercooked or raw seafood
- Does vibrio cholerae invade?
- No, it just sits there and produces its toxin
- What are the three types of vibrio organisms?
-
Vibreo cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio vulnificus - What does Vibrio vulnificus cause?
- cellulitis, gastroenteritis, and septicemia
- Where is Vibrio vulnificus found?
- Brackish (slightly salty) water, oysters
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of pasteurella multocida?
-
Small
Gram Negative rods
Facultative anaerobic rods - Where is Pasturella multocida found?
- Mouths of many animals, especially cats and dogs
- What does pasturella multocida cause?
- cellulitis and lymphadenitis
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of all haemophilus organisms?
-
Gram-negative, pleomorphic rod
requires growth factors - What are some organisms that have very importsant capsules and why are they important?
-
Strep pneumonia - Vaccine contains 23 types of capsule and the capsule reacts in the quellung test
Klebsiella - large capsule makes it very mucoid as it grows
N. Meningitidis - YWCA are the 4 different types of capsules - What are the distinguishing characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae?
- X and V
- What is the most important capsule type of haemophilus influenzae?
- Capsule Type B
- What organism could you get if bitten by a cat or dog?
-
Pasturella multicida
it grows in the mouths of dogs and cats - What now keeps Haemophilus influenzae from being a major cause of neonatal meningitis?
- HIB vaccine which is given at 2, 4, 6, 18 months and 5 years
- What is growth factor X?
- hemin
- What is growth factor V?
- NAD
- What are the two situation in which H. influenzae will grow?
- it will grow on chocolate agar and around S. aureus on Blood Agar
- What is the most important virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae?
- polysaccharide capsule
- What is the dangerous type of H. influenzae?
- type B Haemophilus influenzae
- What diseases does H. influenzae cause?
-
epiglottitis
otitis media - What is the satellite phenomenom?
- Haemophilus influenzae grown near S. aureus on Blood Agar because S. aureus supplies the needed X and V factors
- What type of H. influenzae causes otitis media?
-
NTHI
Non-typable Haemophilus influenzae - What is unizue about non-typeable haemophilus influenzae?
- it does not have a capsule and it causes otitis media
- What three organisms that cause otitis media?
-
Strep Pneumonia
Moraxella Catorrhallis
Non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae - What is the treatment for an infection with Non-typeable H. Influenzae?
- you cannot use penicillin. you must use something other than a Beta lactamase antibiotic
- What are the two main organisms that have acquired Beta-bactimase genes?
-
Niesseria Gonnorhea
Non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae - What does Haemophilus ducreyi cause?
-
soft chancroid
(Genital ulcers)
(Vinerial disease) - How are all Bacteroides characterized?
-
Gram-negative rod
Anaerobic
Modified LPS with reduced activity - What are the three obligate anaerobic organisms?
-
Actinomyces
Bacteriodes
Clostridium - What does Actinomyces cause?
- lumpy jaw
- What does Clostridium cause?
- tetanus, botulism, gangrene, pseudomembranous entercolitis
- What is the most common organism in our colon?
- Bacteroides fragilis
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of Bacteroides fragilis?
-
Anaerobic
Gram-negative rod - How does Bacteroides fragilis spread from the oclon?
- bowel defects, surgery, or trauma
- Where is Bacteroides fragilis found?
- It is endogenous. it is found within our colon at all times.
- What does bacteroides cause?
- abcesses
- What is the treatment for Bacteroides fragilis?
- Metronidazole
- What bacteroides is found in the mouth?
- Bacteriodes melaninogenicus
- What is another name for bacteriodes melaninogenicus?
- Prevotella memalinogenica
- Why is bacteroides melaninogenicus/prevotella melaninogenica not found in the intestine?
- They are bile sensitive and thus cannot survive there
- What does bacteroides malaninogenicus cause?
- abcesses in the mouth
- What are the three important spirochetes?
-
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira - What does Treponema cause?
- Syphilis
- what does Borrelia cause?
- Lime disease
- What does Leptospira cause?
- Wiles disease
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of treponema?
- Spirochetes, Poorly visible on gram stain but basically gram-negative
- Describe the general structure of spirochetes.
- spiral with axial filament (endoflagellum)
- How is trepnema grown in the lab and why is it grown like this?
- it must be grown in living tissue because it is an obligate pathogen (but not intracellular). It is usually grown in rabbit testes
- What type of disease does
- vinerial disease
- What are three main organisms that cause vinerial disease?
- niesseria gonorrhea, haemophilus ducrayi, treponema pallidum
- What are the three stages of syphilis?
- Primary, secondary, tertiary
- What are the major characteristics of a primary syphilis?
- hard, nontender chancre at site of inoculation
- When is a person with syphilis most contagious?
- primary stage of syphilis
- How long does it take for a primary chancre to heal?
- 3-6 weeks
- What are the common characteristics of secondary syphilis?
- Maculopapular (often copper colored) rash on skin including palms and soles, Flat wart-like perianal condylomata lata, mucous membrane lesions, both highly infectious
- What are the characteristics of tertiary syphilis?
- gummaa, aortitis, or central nervous system
- What perprotionof people with syphilis what are the odds that she will get tertiary syphilis
- one-third
- Is syphilis passed from mother of newborn?
- yes
- What are the consiquences of congenitial syphilis?
- stillbirth and multiple other obnormalities (keratitis, 8th nerve deafness, notched teeth, and sometimes asymptomatic until age 2
- What are snuffles?
- clear fluid running from the nose of newborn. This contains syphilis organisms and thus can diagnose syphilis.
- How do you diagnose syphilis?
- get a scraping of a primary chancre and look under a dark field microscope
- What is the treatment for syphilis?
- penicillin
- What are the laboratory tests for syphilis?
- VDRL or RPR test
- What is the VDRL test?
- it tests for syphilis by placing antigen in with a possible syphilis sample to see if syphilis antibody will clump the antigen. If it clumps the antigen then it is positive
- Why might the make the VDRL results negative when the patient actually is infected with antibody?
- penicillin administration will make the VDRL test negative
- What is the true test for syphilis?
- FTA-ABS test
- What does FTA-ABS stand for?
- Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption
- Why would you perform the FTA-ABS test?
- The VDRA and RPR tests are screening tests and thus are not specific. The FTA-ABS test is more specific for syphilis and thus is a confirmation to the VDRA and RPR tests.
- What are the general characteristics of Borrelia?
- Larger spirochetes, Gram-negative, Microaerophilic
- What organism causes Lyme disease?
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- How is Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted to humans?
- deer tick
- What genus of tick transmits Borrelia burgdorferi?
- Ixodes
- Where is lyme disease usually found?
- white footed mouse and white tailed deer
- Clinically, what does the primary stage of lyme disease look like?
- spreading annular skin lesion with an erythematous leading edge and central clearing, it looks like “A BULL’S EYEâ€
- What is the name of the clinical symptoms of the primary stage of Lyme disease?
- Erythema chronicum migrans
- clinically, What is the secondary stage of lyme disease like?
- this involves neurological aspects
- What is the tertiary stage of lyme disease known for?
- a very severe arthritis
- What are the general characteristics of Leptospira?
- Spirochetes – thin, with hooks, Too thin to visualize, but gram-negative cell envelope
- How is Liptospira interrogans spread?
- animal urine in water
- What are the distinguishing characteristics of Leptospira interrogans?
- Spirochetes with tight terminal hooks.
- What is the disease caused by Leptospira interrogans?
- liptospirosis
- What is the triad for liptospirosis?
- renal failure, meningitis, myocarditis