College Bio- CCAC

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

What is pollination?: the transfer of pollen grains to the stigma
What are the 3 aids of pollination? (what attracts pollinators): color, odor, presence of nectaries
What are 3 modes of pollination?: air, H20, pollinators
What are the 3 organisms that serve as pollinators?: birds, insects, animals
What are 3 types of pollination?: self pollination, cross-pollination, artificial pollination
What is self-pollination?: the anther of a plant pollinates the stigma of the same plant
What is cross-pollination?: the anther of one plant pollinates the stigma of another plant of the same species
What is artificial pollination?: the anther of 1 plant species contributes pollen grains that are added to the stigma of female plant of another species and hybrids (man intervenes)
What are 2 types of cells in a pollen grain?: tube cells and generative/germinative cells
What is a tube cell?: a cell contained in a pollen grain that houses digestive enzymes that digest a pathway through the style and to the micropyle (distal opening) of the ovary
Where is the pathway (2 parts) that the tube cell creates using digestive enzymes: style and micropyle
What is the purpose of the micropyle in a tube cell?: allows entry of generative/germinative cell
Type of cell in a pollen grain that contains the 2 sperm used for double fertilization: generative/germinative cell
The process of sperm meeting the egg: fertilization
Part of female plant that breaks down pollen grain: stigma
When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, how does the female plant respond?: Uses enzymes to break down the pollen grain
Tube cell's function in fertilization in a plant: breaks down tissue of pistil which creates path for generative cell to travel to the micropyle
Generative cell's function in fertilization?: travels via pathway and enters ovary through micropyle for double fertilization
Two areas that sperm fertilizes in double fertilization: 1 synergid, polar nucleus
Parts in the female plant that are 2N?: zygote, polar nucleus
Part of plant that is 3N?: endosperm
This part of the plant undergoes numerous mitotic divisions and surrounds the developing embryo during double fert: endosperm
This is the food source for the devel embryo in a plant: endosperm
Once the endosperm is fertilized, what happens? (double fert): undergoes numerous mitotic divisions and surrounds developing embryo
What happens to the ovule once fertilized in double fert?: hardens and shrinks in size
What is the purpose of the hard seed coat that the ovule obtains during double fert?: prevents H20 loss in devel embryo, protection
Edible portion of fruit?: ovary
Phase between development of embryo to birth in a plant?: germination
3 conditions necessary for germination: favorable climate, H20, gases in balance
2 gases needed to be in balance for germination: H20 and C02
When does germination phase end?: cotelydons are exposed to sun and are now capable of carrying out photosynthesis
part of plant that determines when germination is over: cotyledon
What is a cotyledon: seed leave
2 major growing seasons in plants: primary and secondary
What area of growth does that plant focus on during primary growing season?: the apical meristem and growth in height
This growing season primarily affects lateral meristem and grown in fullness or girth: secondary
How many growing seasons do annuals have?: 1
This type of plant survives 2 growing seasons: biennials
How many growing seasons do perennials have?: > 2
7 reasons why plants are important: start food chain, maintain ozone layer through protecting earth from gamma rays, provide food, shelter, fuel, clothing, meds
What is repro?: continuation of species
How does repro occur?: presence of gametes or sex cells formed by the meiosis, which occurs in gonads (sex organs)
2 types of gametes?: sperm, oocyte
Word to describe testes and ovaries: gonads
Outward patching of abdominal pelvic cavity of male: scrotum
Function of scrotum: houses testes
Why is scrotum wrinkly?: dartos muscle and folds to increase surface area to protect testes
What is pubic hair on the scrotum for: protection
What is the raphe: visible exterior ridge on scrotum that separates scrotum into two halves externally
Impermeable membrane which sep scrotum into 2 distinctive halves: septum
Each halve of scrotum houses how many testes: 1
Septum has a ________ membrane: impermeable
What is an inguinal canal: openings in abdominal-pelvic cavity
3 Functions of inguinal canals: sites of testicular descent, mode of travel for spermatic cord and cremaster muscle
What happens if the testes do not descend at 7 mo of prenatal life?: cryptoorcidism and possible sterility
2 modes of treatment to get rid of cryptoorcidism?: hormone therapy or orchiopexy
Which two hormones can be used to treat cryptoorcidism: hCG and testosterone
What is orchiopexy: surgical proced to cause testes to descend
3 parts of spermatic cord: blood/lymph vessels, nerves, vas deferens
Function of spermatic cord?: allows communication/w body proper
Function of cremester muscle?: positions testes in order to maintain a temp 3* lower than body temp, which is crucial for proper spermatogenesis
Why do testes need to be 3* lower than rest of body: optimum spermatogenesis
If hot, which direction do testes go: down
The cremaster muscle raises the testes in this type of situation: too cold
where are testes located: scrotum
Size of testes? (L x W): 2" L x 1" W
What are the two connective tissue coverings in testes from outer to inner?: tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginia
Function of tunica vaginalis?: protection
Function of tunica albuginea: inverts to form septa which divides testes into 200-300 lobules/compartments
What are septa: part of tunica albuginea that divides testes into 200-300 lobules
Septa divides testes into how many lobules/compartments: 200-300
How many seminiferous tubules are housed in each lobule: 1-3
Where does sperm prod (spermatogenesis) occur?: seminiferous tubules
Length of seminif tubules: 700 ft
Where specifically in the seminiferous tubules does spermatogenesis take place?: below basement memb and lymen in nurse/sertoli/systentacular cells
Where EXACTLY are nurse/sertoli/systentacular cells located: between basement memb and lymen of seminif tubules
6 Functions of nurse/sertoli/systentacular cells: nurse/nourish developing sperm, form blood-testes barrier, get rid of misfit sperm, carrying out spermination, produces inhibin, and produces androgen-binding protein
Specifically, how are sperm protected from antibodies in blood?: blood-testes barrier that nurse cells create
What is spermiation and where does it occur?: process of kicking mature enough sperm out of seminiferous tubule conducted by nurse cell of seminif tubule
What does inhibin do in the male?: acts on nurse cells to inhibit spermatogenesis when all nurse cells are full of developing sperm
How exactly does inhibin stop spermatogenesis in nurse cells in seminif tubules: inhibits release of FSH from gonadotroph cell of adenohypophysis
Where is adenohypophysis in male?: anterior pituitary
How does FSH stim spermatogenesis: stims nurse cell function
Which hormone does nurse cell attempt to pull in which aids in sperm devel: testosterone/androgen
Where are interstitial endocrinocytes in male?: outside and between seminif tubules
What part of male produces testosterone?: interstitial endocrinocyte
How does LH help interstitial endocrinocyte: creates stimulation in the cells to increase testosterone production
Specifically, where does LH come from in male?: gonadotroph cell of ant pituitary gland
8 Steps in spermatogenesis?: daughter cell spermatogonium becomes precursor stem cell, spermatogonium pushed away from basement membrane of semif tubule, differentiation, DNA rep/tetrad form/crossing-over in primary spermatocyte, Meiosis I/Reduction Division, 2 secondary spermatocytes, Meiosis II/Equatorial Div, Spermatids created which devel into spermatozoa and go deep within lumen
Each secondary spermatocyte contains how many chromatids?: 2
Stages in which male gametes are 2N?: precursor stem cell, spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte
These male cells are Haploid: 2ndary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa
Spermiogenesis occurs when sperm are in which two stages?: spermatids, spermatozoa
5 locations in which sperm travel through to get to epididymis: spermenter lumen of seminif tubule, straight tubules, rete testes, efferent ducts, ductus epididymis
Rete testes are defined as?: ciliated tubules
What is epididymis of male?: comma-shaped orgain which houses 20 ft of ductus epididymis
Where is epididymis located?: on each posterior testes
Function of epididymis: maturation site for sperm
After leaving seminif tubules, how long does it take for sperm to mature in epididymis: 10-14 days
Comma shaped male sex organ: epididymis
How many ft of ductus epidydimis in epidydimus: 20
3 parts of epididymis: head, body, tail
Where are most mature sperm loc in epid: tail
2 functions of vas deferens: passageway for sperm en route to sex accessory structures, temp storage from sperm
Where are vas deferens loc: spermatic cord
How long are vas deferens: 18"
2 structures in vas deferens that aid in peristalsis: cilia, smooth muscle
What is peristalsis: rhythmic contractions
Why is peristalsis needed in vas deferens?: moves sperm through vas deferens
What is the ampulla: distal end that widens in vas deferens
Where does vasectomy occur in male: vas deferens
2 types seed plants: gymnosperm/angiosperm
Gymnosperm and Angiosperm's Kingdom: Plantae
Subphylum of Gymnosperm: gymnosperma
Phylum of gymnosperms: coniferophyta
Division of gymnosperms: pinophyta
When did gymnosperms originate: early Mesozoic Era
how many dif species of gymnosperma: 550
2 char of gymnosperms: needle-like leaves, cone-bearing
4 Purposes needle-like leaves on gymnosperms: prevents water loss, helps withstand extreme humidity, temp, and wind conditions
Examples of gymnosperms: pine, spruce, fir, hemlock, junipers, sequoia, Calif Redwoods
What does word gymnosperm mean: naked or exposed seeds
Where are seeds of gymnosperm housed: scales of female cones
For what 2 reasons are there a lim # of gymnosperm species: prone to predator and environmental stresses
Where are sex organs located in gymnosperms: cones
Male or Female? Long and fleshy cone of gymnosperm: M
Male or Female: Cone that hangs in clusters of 3 on gymnosperm: M
When do male cones fall from tree: After pollen release in spring
What is pollen: yellow dust that travels through air and water
Male or Female: short, stocky, woody cone of gymnosperm: female
What happens within female cones of gymnosperm in spring: sclaes of that house the seeds open to accept pollen for fertiliz
Subphylum of angiosperm: angiosperma
phylum of angiosperm: anthrophyta
Division of angiosperm: magnolyophyta
4 divisions into which gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified in: Plantae, Subphylum, Phylum, Division
When did angiosperm originate?: Cretaceous period of Mesozoic Era
From what species of plants did angiosperm originate: early gymnosperm shrub
When did angiosperm begin to diversify: cenozoic era
How many species of angiosperma: 250,000
What general kind of plants are angiosperms: flowering plants
Most successful plant group on earth: angiosperms
4 reasons why angiosperms are so successful: seeds housed in ovaries, hardy, evolved when insects did, have soph vascular sys
What does word angiosperm mean: seed vessel
What makes angiosperms considered to be hardy: grow in many climate and soil conditions
What do insects do for angiosperms: pollinate
How does the soph vascular sys contribute to success of angiosperm: allows flow of nutrients
Where are angiosperms seeds located: ovaries (fruits)
2 classes of angiosperms: monocotelydon, dicotelydon
What is a cotelydon?: seed leaf
How are angiosperms classified: by # of seed leaves
Monocots have ____ seed leaves: 1
Dicots have ____ seed leaves: 2
Type of angiosperm char by long, narrow leaves that typically unfurl from central region of plant: monocot
Leaves on this type of angiosperm have parallel venation: monocot
Type of angiosperm char by short, broad leaves: dicot
This type of angiosperm have leaves with netted venation: dicot
The stem on this angiosperm has a scattered vascular sys: monocot
Stem on this angiosperm has organized peripheral vascularity: dicot
Flowers are always in multiples of 3 on this type of angiosperm: monocot
Flowers always in multiples of 4's and 5's on this type of angiosperm: dicot
Examples of monocots: grasses, orchids, pineapple, palm, wheat, corn, irises
What kind of angiosperm are these plants: strawberry plants, peach trees, and apple trees: dicots
4 types tissues in seed plants: dermal, ground, vascular, meristemic
2 types of dermal tissue in seed plants: epidermis, cuticle
Three types ground tissue in seed plants: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma
2 types vascular tissue in plants: phloem, xylem
2 types meristemic tissue in seed plants: lateral, apical
What is the dermal tissue, epidermis?: outer covering of tissue that secretes cuticle
What is dermal tiss, cuticle, on seed plants?: waxy coat secreted by epidermis
What part of the plant secretes waxy coating for cuticle: epidermis
Purpose of dermal tiss, cuticle: retardation of certain organisms
Purpose of ground tiss in seed plants: photosynthesis, food storage, fill and support of interior of plant
Ground tiss that provides for photsynthesis and food storage in seed plant: parenchyma
Purpose of ground tiss, collenchyma, in seed plants: supports immature or growing parts of plant
Celery stalks are ex of what type of ground tissue: collenchyma
Ground tiss supporting matured portion of plant such as petal or leaf: sclerenchyma
Vessel that picks up H20 and minerals from soil by the roots and conducts it to the stem to be used during photosynthesis: xylem
Picks up nutrients created during photosynthesis and carries them to roots for plant growth and devel: phloem
Where is meristemic tiss in seed plants: tips of roots and shoots
Where is mitosis carried out in seed plants: meristemic tiss
What tissue accounts for lengthwise plant growth: apical meristem
Which specific type of tissue is most active in primary growing season: apical meristem
Lateral meristem accounts for what kind of growth in seed plants: girth/fullness
Def of photosynthesis: process that converts radiant energy from sun into chemical energy called glucose
Reactants (what incites rxn also) --> Product (in photosynthesis): 6CO2+6H20+light (CHLOROPHYLL) --> C6H1206+602
4 ingredients needed for photosynthesis: H20, CO2, Chlorophyll, light
Where is H20 obtained in a plant for photosynthesis: soil via roots which goes to xylem in leaves
How is CO2 obtained for photosynthesis: stomata (pores in leaf) from air
How is O2 produced: after photosynthesis O2 leaves via stomata into atmosphere
What is stomata: pores in leaves
Part of plant that attracts sun: Chlorophyll in chloroplants
2 reaction stages in photosynthesis (in order): light dependent, light indep
Where does light dependent rxn of photosyn take place?: thylakoids of chloroplast
Where does light dependent rxn take place: thylakoids of chloroplasts
Which light rxn manufactures ATP?: light dependent
Where does the light independent phase take place in a plant?: stoma
What is stoma?: area around thylakoid in chloroplast
Which stage of photosynthesis uses ATP to make glucose?: light independent
Why is ATP necessary in photosynthesis?: to make glucose
What are thylakoids?: photosynthetic units
series of thylakoids are called?: grana
space around and in between thylakoids is called?: stoma
The swollen bases that flowers grow in are called?: receptacles
What in the receptacle of a flower aids in pollinator attraction?: nectaries
Nectaries contain what two things?: sugar and H20
What are whorls?: the circular patterns in which flowers grow
Name all 4 whorls from outer to inner: calyx, corolla, androecium, gyneocium
This whorl contains the sepals or leaves: calyx
2 functions of the calyx: photosynthesis, protection to developing bud
What is the corolla of a plant?: part of plant that contains petals
2 Purpose/Functions of corolla: attracts pollinators, beauty
This whorl contains the stamen of the plant. The stamen is comprised of what two things? (Name whorl and 2 other components): androecium, anther and filament
Where do pollen grains form in a plant?: in the stamen's anther
This area of a plant contains 4 pollen sacs: anther
How many pollen sacs does the anther of a plant contain: 4
Function of a stamen's filament?: suspends and supports
Function of androecium in a plant: male sex part
This whorl in a plant contains the carpel or pistil: gyneocium
The carpel/pistil contains what three things?: stigma, style, ovary
What is a carpel's stigma?: sticky, hair-like projections that aid in pollen grain adherence
The style in a carpel/pistil serves as what: neck
Part of carpel/pistil that houses embryo sac: ovary
What does it mean when a plant is said to be complete?: All 4 whorls are present, a perfect plant
When one or more whorls are missing from a plant it is said to be: incomplete
This kind of flower has male and female sex parts intact: perfect
Flower that has either male or female sex part missing: imperfect
Where does pollen formation occur in plant: in pollen sacs of anther
Where are the diploid megaspore mother cells located in a plant: pollen sacs
Type of cell in plant that undergoes meiotic and mitotic division: megaspore mother cells
are megaspore mother cells diploid or haploid: 2n diploid
This stage in pollen formation creates 4 haploid daughter cells gen dif from parent: meiosis II
This type of cell division in pollen formation is when the megaspore mother cell divides to form 2 haploid cells: meiosis I
This stage in pollen formation is when 2 haploid cells divide to produce 4 haploid daughter cells: meiosis II
What happens to 4 haploid daughter cells in pollen formation after having undergone Meiosis II: They each undergo mitosis once, creating 4 germinative cells and 4 tube cells
This surrounds 2 of the daughter cells resulting from pollen formation: hardened pollen grain
How many daughter cells become surrounded by a hardened pollen grain for protection: 2
What is another name for ovule formation in plants: embryonic sac production
This part of female plant becomes hardened seed coat that surrounds the seed: ovule
Where does ovule formation occur in a female plant: inside ovary
From what does the ovule develop from: ovarian tissue
When an ovule is formed, it is suspended from ovarian wall by means of: funiculi
What are funiculi: hairlike projections that suspend an ovule from the ovarian wall once the ovule is formed
The distal opening through which sperm enters: micropyle
The ovule forms around all areas of the ovary in ovule formation with the exception of what part: micropyle
Where are megaspore mother cells housed in a female plant: ovary
This female plant part undergoes mitosis twice: megaspore mother cell
After the megaspore mother cell in a female plant undergoes Meiosis I and II, what happens?: enzymes in the plant destroy three of 4 daughter cells
How many times does the remaining daughter cell resulting from ovule formation undergo mitosis: 3

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 248