Biology 110 Final Review
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- 3 ways to study behavior
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1)physiological
2)developmental
3)functional (adaptive value) - How does natural selection shape behavior?
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physical and behavioral traits often go hand in hand
ex: dog's nose - genetic drift
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random change in gene frequency
(large pop. to small) - enery intake vs. cost
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ex: crabs and mussels
try to get most benefit for least cost - Why have a territory?
- have own exclusive resources
- problem with altruism
- reciprocity (offer protection in return for protectio) and kin selection (protect own genetics)
- Hamilton's Rule
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rb>c
r=related
b=benefit
c=cost - 3 characteristics of population
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1) range
2) spacing
3) size - genetic bottleneck
- small population=low genetic diversity
- 3 kinds of population spacing
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1)even
2)clumped (herds-more beneficial)
3)random - 4 factors affectiong population growth rates
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1)sex ration
2)generation time
3)age structure
4)birth/death rates
ex: Sweden vs. Kenya - fitness
- passing on genes to next generation
- semelparity
- reproductive even like big bang (one)
- iteroparity
- reproductive event - bet hedging (spread out-many)
- r formula
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r=(b-d)+(i-e)
b=birth
d=death
i=immigration
e=emmigration - Simplest model of population groth
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dn/dt=rN
N=population size
dn=change in population size
dt=change in time
r=rate of increase - Logistic Growth Equation
- dn/dt=rN((k-n)/k)
- niche
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sum total of all the ways an organism uses it's environment
ex: barnacles - community
- interacting organisms
- Individualistic concept of communities
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species present had to hrive n climate, whoever gets there first & not based on interaction
(H.A. Gleason) - species redundancy
- species job in community could be replaced by another species
- Holistic concept of communities
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interactions crucial todeveloping community
(F.E. Clements) - Mutualistic associations
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1) Obligate (need partner)
2) Facultative (can have but don't need)
ex: lichens - Commensal associations
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one benefits, other neutral
ex: endophytes (protect toxins which keep plant from being eaten) - Parasitic associations
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benefits one, hurts other
ex: athletes foot - Pathogenic
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Benefits one, kills other
Ex: ergot & "dancing mania" - 5 characteristics of a fungus
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1)heterotrophic
2)several different cell types
(both diploid and haploid)
3)dikaryon (may have 2 coexisting haploid nucleus)
4)cell walls-chitin
5)undergo nuclear mitosis - Protist paraphyletic group
- commmon ancestors but not all descendants
- 4 major groups of plants
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1)non-vascular plants (liverworts, mosses)
2)seedless vascular plants (ferns, horsetails)
3)gymnosperms (conifers)
4)angiosperm(flowering plants) - 4 adaptations ofplants to terrestrial environment
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1)waxy cuticle
2)stomata-respiration
3)leaves
4)structural support-cellulose - diplontic
- humans (only diploid part is shown)
- haplodiplonic
- both haploid and diploid are multicellular
- sporophyte
- diploid form of plant
- gamatetophyte
- haploid form of plant
- sporangia
- diploid structure of sporophyte where meiosis takes place
- spore mother cells
- cell in sporangia that goes through meiosis
- spores
- haploid
- 4 characteristics of non-vascular plants
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1)no vascular tissue
2)need water for reproduction
3)sporophyte is attatchedto the gametophyte
4)homosporous - 3 non-vascular plant phyla
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1)bryophyta
2)hepaticophyita
3)anthocerophyta - 4 characteristics of seedless vascular plants
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1)vascular tissue
2)true stomata
3)need water for reproduction
4)homosporous - What makes up plant vascular tissue?
- phloem (carries sugars) and xylem (carries water)
- 2 seedless vascular phyla
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1)lycophyta
2)pterophyta - 2 characteristics of gymnosperms
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1) cone bearing
2) "naked" seeds - 4 gymnosperm phyla
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1)coniferophyta
2)cycadophyta
3)ginkophyta
4)gnetophyta - 4 characteristics of angiosperms
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1)ovules enclosed in ovary
2)fruit develops from the ovary
3)flowers that attract pollinators
4)double fertilization - Angiosperm phyla and 2 classes
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anthophyta
1)monocots
2)dicots - monocot
- one cotyledon, parallel veins, flower parts in 3's
- dicots
- two cotyledon, branching veings, flower parts in 4's & 5's
- anther
- produces pollen
- ovule
- makes egg
- stigma
- where pollen lands
- carpel
- all female parts
- pollen grains
- 1n but 2 nuclei
- endosperm
- stuff feeds on inside seed (3n)
- 5 characteristics of animals
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1)heterotrophs
2)multicellular
3)move from place to place
4)diverse in form andhabitat
5)sexual reproduction - 6 animal phyla
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1)Porifera
2)Cnidaria
3)Platyhelminthes
4)Annelida
5)Mollusca
6)Nematoda - 5 Characteristics of Porifera
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1)belong to "parazoa'
2)cell specialization
3)no true tissues
4)skeleton of spongin & spicules
5)intercellular digestion - osculum
- where water comes out in porifera
- pores
- water comes in
- 5 Characeristics of Cnidarians
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1)Eumetazoa & belong to "radiata"
2)Carnivorous
3)Internal, extracellular digestion (stomach)
4)stinging cells
5)two types - 2 types of cnidarians
- polyp and medusa
- What are cnidarian stinging cells called?
- cnidocytes
- 3 Characteristics of platyhelminthes
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1)Bilateral symmetry
2)no body cavity
3)many parasitic - 6 Characteristics of nematoda
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1)unsegmented
2)covered by thick, flexible cuticle
3)lengthwise muscles ONLY
4)pharynx
5)anus
6)interal body cavity (psuedocoel) - pseudocoel
- internal body cavity (serves as hydrostatic skeleton)
- coelem
- mollusk body cavity
- Characteristics of Mollusca
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1)body cavity called coelem
2)radula for feeding
3)organ systems in muscular foot
4)shell secreted by the mantle