Biol 11 Final Exam
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- the roots, stems, leaves, and most reproductive parts of angiosperms and gymnosperms are a)haploid or b)diploid?
- b) diploid
- sporophyte
- diploid plant body; produces anthers and ovules in angiosperm- in which cells undergo meiosis--> resulting in haploid spores
- gametophyte
- the plant's haploid generation, result of mitotic division of sporophyte
- In male gametophytes, the haploid spore cells divide into two cells called:
- the tube cell and generative cell
- the surviving spore from the meiosis of the ovule central cell undergoes mitosis to produce..
- an embryo sac
- pollination
- delivery of the pollen to stigma of carpel (most angiosperm depend on animals for this)
- double fertilization
- after pollination, the pollen grain germinates on anther- the tube cell becomes the pollen tube-goes down into ovary; generative cell divides mitotically-makes 2 sperm cells- both go down the pollen tube into embryo sac. One sperm cell fertilizes the embryo, making it a diploid (2n) zygote, the other sperm cell's nucleus becomes a part of the central cell of the embryo sac, forming a triploid (3n) nucleus.
- endosperm
- triploid cell divides to form this nutrient-rich multicellular mass, which nourishes embryo until it become seedling
- simple fruits
- develop from flower with a single carpel and ovary
- aggregate fruit
- develops from flower w/many carpels
- multiple fruit
- develops from group of separate flowers tightly clustered together
- vegetative reproduction involves:
- fragmentation and then regeneration
- phototropism
- growth of shoot towards light; adaptive response
- auxin
- -stimulates stem elongation; affects root growth, differentiation, branching; develoment of fruit, apical dominance; phototrpism and response to gravity; found in meristems of apical buds, young leaves and embryos w/in seeds
- cytokinins
- affects root growth, differentiation; stimulates cell division and growth; stimulates germination; delays aging; made in roots transported to other organs
- gibberellins
- promotes seed germination, bud development, stem elongation, and leaf growth; stimulates flowering and fruit developent; affectrs root growth and differentiation; in meristems of apical buds and roots, young leaves, and embryos
- abscisic acid
- inhibits growth; closes stomata during water stress; helps maintain dormancy; in leaves, stems, roots, green fruits
- ethylene
- promotes fruit ripening; opposes some auxin effects; promotes/inhibits growth and development of roots, leaves, flowers, etc.; found in ripening fruits, nodes of stems, aging leaves and flowers
- tropisms (3 types)
- directed growth responses that cause parts of a plant to grow toward or away from a stimulus; phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism
- photoperiod (2 categories)
- relative lengths of day and night, used to detect time of year; short-day plants, long-day plants
- phytochromes
- proteins w/a light absorbing component; absorbs red and far-red light; at sunrise, Pr converted to Pfr (which resets bio. clock of plants)
- systematic acquired resistance
- defense response thats nonspecific, providing protection against a diversity of pathogens for days
- What are the 4 main abiotic factors?
- Solar energy, water, temperature, wind
- population density
- number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume
- mark-recapture method
- (number marked in first catch x total second catch)/ recaptured marked individuals
- dispersion pattern (3 types)
- way individuals are spaced within their area; (most common: clumped; random; uniform)
- exponential growth model; logistic growth model
- G = rN; G = rN ((K-N)/K)
- Factors affecting population growth in natural populations:
- competition for food; availability of space; increased risk of disease; predation; stress; abiotic factors
- 4 defining characteristics of a community
- diversity, form of vegetation, response to disturbances, trophic structure
- 2 factors affecting biodiversity
- species diversity, relative abundance of each species
- competitive exclusion principle
- formed by Gause; populations of 2 species cannot coexist in a community if their niches are nearly identical; one population will eventually outcompete and eliminate the other
- Batesian mimicry
- palatable harmless species mimics an unpalatable harmful one
- Mullerian mimicry
- 2 unpalatable species from same community mimic each other
- nitrogen fixation
- conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia (N2 - NH3)
- denitrification
- conversion of soil nitrates to atnospheric nitrogen
- nitrification
- conversion from ammonium to nitrates
- habituation
- loss of response to stimulus after repeated exposure
- imprinting
- learning that's irreversible and limited to a sensitive time period in an animal's life; often results in a strong bond btwn new offspring and parents
- association
- behavioral change resulting from link btwn behavior and reward/punishment; trial/error learning
- imitation
- learning b observing and mimicking others
- problem solving
- inventive behavior in response to new situation
- optimal foraging
- feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain with minimal energy expense and minimal time spent foraging
- agonistic behavior
- ariety of threats or actual combat that settles disputes between indiviudals in a population
- dominance hierarchy
- ranking of individuals based on social interactions
- territoriality
- marking territory; associated with uniform patterns
- altruism
- behavior which reduces an individual's fitness while increasing fitness of recipient (ex: queen)