bio240
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- tropomyosin
- when the muscle is at rest the myosin binding sites in the actin molucle are blocked
- troponin complex
- regulatroy protiens on the tropomyosin and moves it when calcium is present
- sarcomeres
- contains the the myosin and the actin filaments that do not get smaller them selves but compact and make the entire sarcomere get smaller
- irish potato is
- a modified stem
- sweet potato
- a modified root
- indeterminate growth
- growth with no genetically defined limit
- vascular cambium
- lateral meristem, gives rise to secondary xylem (wood) and phloem
- root hair
- epidermis tissue take up water and nutrients
- Apicial meristem
-
-ground, dermal ,vascular tissue form cylider
-supply cells to grow in length - collenchyma
- ( ground tissue) support -> primary wall allow elongation very thick.
- Dermal tissue/epidermus
-
-outside
-prevents pathenogens,
-waxy cuticle,
-root hairs, (water and nutrition uptake) - ground tissue
-
-everything but dermal and vascular ( fibers and schelroids)
support - lateral meristem
-
-grow in girth
-replace epidermis with bark
-cork and vascular cambium -locaated paralel to the axix of secondary growth - meristem
-
-divids the quisenct center
-at tips of branches,rootes, and shoots
-allows for elongation in indeterminate growth with embryonic tissue. - organ
-
specialized center with different tissues and functions
roots shoots and leaves - lignen
-
support xylem
support in cellulose matrix - Parenchyma
-
(ground tissue)
general cell
packing and storage
photosythesis
primary cell wall
everything else - phloem
-
-move sugar
-no nucleus, ribsosomes, vacuol
-not complete for less resistance
-sieve tubes for sugar and
photosythate transport - schlerenchyma
-
(ground tissue)
dead, not expanding
protection, tuff wall
2ry wall with lignan
fibers and schlerid
rope and hemp - xylem
-
-moves water and nutrients
-dead at maturity
-lignified 2ry wall
-triechid cells, vessel element cells and fiber cells - Root cap
-
protects the Apical meristem
secrets mucigel for lubricant - lateral roots
-
-roots that arise for the pericyle
-cell division from the endodermous - protoderm
- a primary meristem from apical merstem the makes dermal tissue or the epidermous
- ground meristem
- A primary meristem derived from the apical meristem and giving rise to primary ground tissues.
- procambium
- That primary meristem from the AM which develops into primary vascular tissue.
- pericycle
- A tissue typically of roots which is found between the endodermis and the phloem, and which gives rise to branch (lateral) roots.
- quiescent center
-
That region of apical meristems, particularly in roots, in which there is relatively little mitotic activity. divides every couple of weeks , embyotic cells.
(other parts of meristem divid 2x a day) -
1.node
2. internodes
3. axullary bud -
1.point where leaf attaches
2. between the (1)
3. b/w leaf and stem - stomata
- under leaf open/close for water retention and exchange of co2 for photsythesis
- trichome
- a hair-like epidermal outgrowth with diverse form, structure, and function
- intercalery meristem
-
-between the roots and the shoot
-in grass - phase change
- change between juvi and adult morphotype
-
1.primary growth
2.secondary growth -
1. legnth
2. girth (usually in woody plants) - cambium
- lateral meristem between wood and bark or xylem and phloem that makes new wood and bark for secondary growth
- cork
- cylinder meristem tissue in plants that produce cork cells to replace the epidermus during secondary growth
- rhizosphere
- The soil zone immediately surrounding plant roots, which is modified by the increased number of microorganisms (eg Rhizobia) that live there, in association with plant roots.
- apical dominance
- auxin from terminal bud inhibits auxilary bud growth and cytokinen from shoots counter act the auxin and tell buds to grow so it looke like an X-mas tree if terminal bud removed then it would be more bushy and rectangularish
- cork cambium
-
lateral meristem
-covers outside of 2ry tissue to replace the epidermus and bark
- fills in the ruff slits after 2ry growth. - vasculare cambium
-
lateral meristem
-makes 2ndry xylem (wood) and phloem - lecithal
- blaco holes that allow gas exchange through the waxy cuticle
- secondary xylem
- xylem tissue formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant
- secondary phloem
- Phloem tissue formed by the vascular cambium during secondary growth in a vascular plant.
- asexual
-
fast,
identical
however can be killed by one disease - sexual repro.
- eggs and sperm haploid -> diploid embryo
- hybrid vigor
- increased performance of hybrids over purebreds
- pollen
- The cells that carry the male DNA of a seed plant.
- seeds
-
A seed is the ripened ovule of gymnosperm or angiosperm plants
-reproduction
- apoxis is formation w/o sex - stamen
-
has pollen
male repro part
has filment and anther - carpel
-
vase shaped
femal part
has stigma, style , and ovary - petal
- One of a circle of modified leaves immediately outside the reproductive organs of a flower; usually brightly colored.
- sepal
- modified leaf around flower
- flower
-
angiosperm for repro ... specialized shoot
-The reproductive part of a plant. It is usually composed of petals, sepals, stamens, and a pistil. - anther
- pollen is produced there on the filiment part of the stamen
- filiment
- stalk of the stamen
- stigma
-
femal part of carpel
sticky to recieve pollen
may have recepters - style
-
the neck of the carpel
leads to overies - ovary
- contains the seeds or the eggs
- ABC model
-
Sepal->Petal->Steman-> Carpel
-BB-
AACC
A is sepal
AB is petal
BC is Steman
C carpel - Gymnosperm
- A plant whose seeds are not enclosed in flowers. Most produce their seeds on the surface of the scales of female cones and are pollinated by wind.
-
1. agiosperms
2. gymnosperm -
1.pollen,enclosed seeds,flower, fruit
2.pollen, naked seeds,no flower, cones - pollen tube
- A hypha-like germination tube from a pollen grain that transmits the male (micro)gametophytes to an embryo sac in an ovule.
- micropyle
- A small opening in the surface of a plant ovule through which the pollen tube passes through prior to fertilization to deliver the sperm
- generative nucleus
- divide and produce 2 sperm
- double fertilization
-
-when 2 sperm enter
- one united with the egg form diploid zygot
- other fuses with the 2 nuclei center for a triploid nucleus which makes endosperm for food in teh ctyledons
-purpose to sync ebryo development and food storage for it. - endosperm
-
-triploid- 3 nucleous
-mature seed lack cuz its all in the cotyledon
(diploid zygote is the other sperm) - Dioecious
- unisex flower on serperate plants
- Monoecieous
-
-if both unisex flowers are on the same plant
-like cereal or maize - primula
- short shoots clustered flowers
- pin and thrum
-
-PIn has higher carpels and lower stamen
- Thrum higher stamen and lower carpel and really heavy pollen
- purpose .. to prevent selfing - gametophyte
-
That plant generation which gives rise to the gametes by means of mitosis. Typically haploid.
gametes
haploid
mitosis - sporophyte
- The diploid generation in the life cycle of a plant, and that produces haploid spores by meiosis.
- tapetum
- nutrition in the anther
- Exine
- outercase that has the parent code that surronds the haploid pollen
- Dormancy
- a delay in the growth of viable seeds because of unfavorable environmental conditions.
- scorification
- seed germinate after it leaves the GI tract
-
Monocot
dicot -
-have 1 cotyledon scattered phloem
-have 2 cotyledon and a ring of phloem - companion cell
- is in the phloem and has the only nucleus, ribosomes, and vacuol for the incomplete cells to share
- cotyledon
- leaves with endosperm for food
- hypocotyls
- the stem if the new germinating plant
- radicle
- embryonic root
- spore
- from diploid sporophyte, mitoticly divided to haploid inorder to make haploid gametophyte,
- tropism
- stimuli either neg or pos / away or near
- phototropism
- light
- gravitropism
- gravity ... roots always with gravity and shoot ans leaves always against
- thigmotropism
- thouch .. vines lach on ... leaves get smaller
- hydrotropism
- react with water
- asymetric elongation
-
makes guard cells
one cell has more cytoplasm then the other in mitosis - auxin
- hormone determines distribution of lateral root from the AM
- acid growth
-
expansins an acid growth protein
spit out proton to break the excisting layer and then when it grows fills in the slits it made - apical meristems
- supply plant with cells to grow in legnth
- cell plate/phragmoplast
- plate that seperates daughter cells determines shape
- cell wall
-
-primary wall thin flexible
-secondary wall strong rigid comonent of wood - cellulose
- the polysacheride of wood
- cortical microtubules
- lignification of 2nry wall orders cellulose synthase to put down cellulose
- preprophase band
-
-microtubules that leave spindles for mitosis
- determines where the phragmoplast will go for cell division - spindle
- serperate chromosome for cell division
- tissue
- cells with function and similar structure
- phragmoplast
- A disk or plate-like structure composed of microtubules which shows the site of new wall formation
- turgor
- pressure in a vacual
- vacuole
-
surrounded by tonoplast wall
place where dump acids and waste
in fruits that is the juice
adds in secondary growth - plant cell
-
vacual
cell wall
chloroplast - vascular tissue
- xylem and phloem
- schleriod
-
nut shell
apple core
cell of schlerenchyma - gibberllins
- hormon that tricks graps that it was fertalized and then conitues to make a fruit without the seed