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Bio Ch 6

Terms

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Flagella
Structure aiding movement; found usually 1 at a time, fairly long; beats in an undulating fashion (think sperm)
Intermediate filaments
Type of fiber composing cytoskeleton; fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables made up of **** in keratin family; anchors nucleus and other **** and forms nuclear lamina
Tight junction
Type of intercellular junction where the membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed against each other; prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
Plasma membrane
Boundary of every cells that functions as a selective barrier; made of two phospholipid bilayers allowing sufficient passage of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes to service entire volume of cell (which is why cells are teensy, cos high surface area:volume ratio)
Thylakoids
Found in the chloroplast, these are flattened, interconnected sacs
Chromoplasts
Colorful plastids that have the pigments making fruits and flowers bootiful
Cells
Simplest collection of matter that can live and the basic units of structure and function
Cytoplasmic streaming
Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
Gap junctions
Aka communicating junctions; Type of intercellular junction that provides cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent; consists of a special membrane that surrounds a pore thru which ions, etc, may pass; necessary for communication btwn cells
Organelles
Subcellular structures
Plastids
Family of plant organelles
Rough ER
Endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes that stud the outer surface of the membrane; secretes imp. Proteins (e.g. insulin from pancreas) and serves as a membrane factory for the cell
Centrosome
Region often located near nucleus that is considerd to be a microtubule-organizing center
Brightfield
Using either a stained or unstained specimen, this light microscopy research method passes light directly thru specimen
Scanning electron microscope
Type of electron telescope in which an electron beam scans the surface of a sample that is usually coated w/ a thin layer of gold; detailed study of the specimen that usually reveals a topography
Confocal
Light microscopy method tht uses laser and special optics for optical sectioning of fluorescently-stained specimens, illuminating only a single plane
Actin
Globular protein that is the subunit of microfilaments
Dynein
Each motor protein extending from 1 microtubule to the next; responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella; has a movement akin to a cat climbing a tree
Chloroplasts
Type of plastid found in plants that is the site of photosynthesis works by converting sunlight into chemical energy; semi-independent, containing own DNA and ability to reproduce → sep'd into 3 diff compartments
Stroma
Fluid outside the thylakoid, contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes as well as enzymes
Cristae
Infoldings found in the mitochondria inner membrane; divides mitochondria into 2 internal compartments
Pseudopodia
Localized contraction by actin and myosin that allow amoeboid movement; extend and contract thru reversible assembly of actin subunits which react w/ myosin to cause contraction that makes actin reassemble into a network
Cisternal maturation model
Scientific model posting that the Golgi body is dynamic, w/ cisternae progressing from cis to trans face carrying/modifying cargo as they move
Tonoplast
Membrane enclosing the central vacuole in mature plant cells
Mitochondrial matrix
Internal compartment of mitochondria that is enclosed by inner membrane; contains may diff enzymes as well as DNA and ribosomes; imp area of cell respiration
Chlorophyll
Green pigment found in chloroplasts
Electron microscope
Microscope that focuses a beam of electrons thru the specimen or onto its surface; can view specimens 2nm in size
Plasmodesmata
Channels that perforate plant cell walls allowing cytosol to pass thru
Golgi apparatus
Center of manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping where products of the ER are modified and stored and sent to other destinations; conssits of flattened cisternae
Basal body
Structurally identical to a centriole; serves to anchor the microtubule assembly of flagella/cilia
Cell ultrastructure
Term used by biologists to refer to a cell's anatomy as revealed by an electron microscope
Granum
One of the stacks found in a thylakoid
Prokaryotic
Type of cell that consists of domains Bacteria and Archaea; cell where DNA is concentrated in a region called the nucleoid but has no actual nucleus
Motor proteins
Proteins that bringabout the movements of cilia and flagella by gripping microtubules within those organelles and propelling them past each other
Cell fractination
Method used to isolate cell components based on size and density; a sample is put thru a centrifuge for a long ass time
Extracellular matrix
Composed of glycoproteins secreted by cells, this structure regulates a cell's behavior
Resolution
In microscopy, a measure of the clarity of the image; the minimum distance two points can be separated & still be distinguished as 2 points
Actin-myosin aggregates
Responsible for the localized contractions of cells (e.g. pinch needed to divide)
Fluorescence
In light microscopy, this method shows the locations of specific molecules in the cell by tagging the molecules w/ fluorescent dyes/antibodies which emit visible light
Middle lamella
Thin layer rich in pectins (polysaccharides) found between primary cell walls that glues adjacent cells
Microvilli
Long, thin projections from certain cells that increase surface area w/o appreciable increase in volume
Endomembrane system
System in which many of the eukaryotic cell's membranes belong to; carries out taks such as synthesis of proteins and their transport and other ****
Phase-contrast
Light microscopy research method that enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density within specimen
Cisternae
Network of membranous tubules and sacs found in the ER
Transport vesicles
Vesicles in transport from one part of the cell to another
Mitochondria
Organelles which are the site of cellular respiration; contained by 2 bilayers w/ unique collection of proteins
Differential-interference-contrast
Like phase-contrast microscopy it uses optical modifications to exaggerate differences in density making img almost appear 3D
Bound ribosomes
Type of ribosome that is attached to the outside of the ER or nuclear envelope
Autophagy
Process during which a damaged organelle or small amnt of cytosol is digested by lysosomal enzymes allowing cell to continually renew itself
Nuclear matrix
A framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
Cell wall
An extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells, protecting the plant cell and maintaining its shape; composed of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and proteins
Chromosomes
Discrete units that carry genetic information within the nucleus
Nuclear lamina
The nuclear side of the envelope is lined by this netlike array of protein filaments that mains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope
Free ribosomes
Type of ribosome that is suspended in the cytosol where most of the proteins function
Peroxisome
Oxidative organelle that is not part of the endomembrane system; specialized metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane; contains enzymes that transfer H from various substrates to O producing hydrogen peroxide that can be used to break fatty acids down
Nuclear envelope
Structure enclosing nucleus and separating it from cytoplasm; a double membrane that has perforations about 100nm in diameter
Magnification
In microscopy, the ratio of an objects image size to its real size
Desmosomes
Aka anchoring junction; Type of intercellular junction that functions as rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets
Endoplasmic reticulum
Organelle that is such an extensive network of membranes that it accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many euk. cells
Myosin
Protein that acts as a motor protein by means of projections that walk along actin filaments; interdigitated w/ thousands of actin filaments arranged parallel
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that gives cells mechanical support and shape
Lysosome
Organelle that is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest all kinds of macromolecules; made by rough ER
Trans face
Polar side of Golgi that gives rise to vesicles which pinch off and travel to other sites
Centriole
Two of these are found in the centrosome; composed of nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in ring
Cytosol
Semifluid substance within the plasma membrane that contains organelles
Amyloplasts
Colorless plastids that store starch
Cilia
Structure aiding movement; occurs in lg numbers on the cell surface and are teeny; beats in a back-and-forth motion
Pore structure
Intricate protein structure that lines each pore in the nuclear envelope and regulates the entry and exit of large macromolecules/particles
Phagocytosis
Process meaning "eat vessel"; organisms produce a food vacuole allowing lysosome to fuse to it & digest
Contractile vacuoles
Vacuole found in freshwater protests that pump excess water out of the cell maintaining the proper concentration of salts/other molecules
Chromatin
Material composing chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA → when a cell wants to divide these thin lil fibers condense becoming thick enuf for us to see
Eukaryotic
Type of cell that consists of protests, fungi, animals, plants, etc. - everything else; contains a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope
Collagen
Most abundant glycoprotein in animals; forms strong fibers outside the cells and accounts for half of the total protein in the human body
Integrins
Cell surface receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane and bind of the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins; transmit changes between ECM and cytoskeleton
Central vacuole
What mature plant cells generally contain; large space developed by coalescence of smaller vacuoles; protects plant by containing poisons & contains reserves of important organic compounds
Intermembrane space
Internal compartment of mitochondria that's the narrow region btwn inner & outer membranes
Primary cell wall
Thin and flexible wall first secreted by a young plant
Smooth ER
Endoplasmic reticulum that has an outer surface w/o ribosomes; important to synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, and detoxification of drugs/poisons; also stores Ca ions that are released in response to neural msg
Vesicles
Tiny sacs made of membrane
Microtubules
Type of fiber composing cytoskeleton; hollow tubes w/ walls consisting of 13 cols of tubulin molecules; maintains cells shape and helps w/ movement
Glycoproteins
Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them; majority of secretory proteins
Ribosomes
Organelle made of rRNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis; can be either bound or free
Ultracentrifuges
Most pwrful centrifuges that can spin as fast as 130,000 rpm and apply forces on specimen 1mil times the force of gravity
Lumen
Cavity of the ER aka the cisternal space that is separated from the cytoplasm by the ER membrane
Nucleolus
In the nucleus, a mass of densely stained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin; where rRNA is synthesized and proteins are imported from cytoplasm & assembled into ribosomal subunits
Fibronectin
Glycoprotein that binds to the cell surface receptor proteins
Secondary cell wall
What some cells do to reinforce cell wall; has strong and durable matrix
Glyoxysomes
Specialized peroxisome that is found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds and contain enzymes initiating conversion of fatty acids to sugar which fuels emerging seedling
Light microscopes
Microscopes most likely to be used in a laboratory; visible light is passed thru the specimen and then thru glass lenses; lenses refract light in such a way that image of specimen is magnified onto photographic film, etc → can only view 1000x
Cis face
Polar side of Golgi located near the ER where material is transported FROM the ER TO the Golgi
Transmission electron microscope
Type of electron microscope usually used to study the internal infrastructure of cells; a thin section of specimen has a bunch of electrons shot thru it & an image is created by the pattern of transmitted electrons
Microfilaments
Type of fiber composing cytoskeleton; two intertwined strands of actin,; maintains cell shape, contracts muscle, and helps w/ division and ****
Nucleus
Organelle that contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins of another class that form a woven embedded network w/ collagen fibers

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