microbiology test 1 continued
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- What caused the bubonic plague in 550 to 1350?
- bacteria and transmitted by bites from fleas or from rat bites.
- Who devised the 1st magnifying lenses and observed plant cells in cork from under bark from tree and developed compound scope?
- 1665 robert hooke
- Who came up with the term "cell"?
- robert hooke
- who developed muchbetter lenses w/ up to 300x magnification?
- VanLeeuwenhoek
- what did Van Leeuwenhoek observe w/ the 300x magnification?
- bacteria,protozoa,fungi, and algae
- who developed the binomial classification in the early 1800's
- Linneaus
- in the early 1800's the scientist of the time thought that maggots arose from spoiled rotten food, is this true and who discovered the answer?
- Redi (italian researcher)
- what year was it when battles or wars were lost due to microbes?
- 100 BC
- who invented pasteurization?
- Pasteur
- what is pasteurization?
- its the process of heating to 56 degrees c for 30 minutes.
- Does pasteurization kill microorganisms?
- No but it does kill pathogens
- what are some of the things that are pasteurized?
- milk, beer, and wine
- what is Koch's Postulates?
- "germ theory" a particular organism causes a particular disease.
- what are the exceptions to the koch's postulates?
- syphilis and aids
- who identified the organisms causing cholera,TB adn anthrax?
- Robert Koch
- Who taught the 1st microbiology course and where?
- Robert Koch at University of Berlin in 1880's
- What is puerperal fever?
- it was the common cause of maternal death following child birth.
- what was the cause of this fever and who found the prevention?
- Semmelweis and Lister. wash the hands before and after child birth and autopsies.
- what is the aseptic technique and who invented it?
- Lister was coined the Father of Aseptic Technique, the sterilization of instruments w/carbolic acid between surgeries.
- When was viruses 1st seen and w/what were they seen with?
- in 1935 viruses were first seen w/an electron microscope.
- what was the first virus seen?
- tobacco mosaic virus
- What was Dr. Reed known for?
- he was convinced that yellow fever virus had to do w/mosquitos.
- what is the study of immunology?
- the study of how your immune system reacts w/microbes
- what is immunology defined as?
- the host to a desease organism.
- what did edward jenner do in the 1700s?
-
-he prepared a vaccine from the fluid of cowpox lesions
-he also came up w/the word vaccine from vaca which means cows. - Who invented the 1st rabies vaccine?
- Pasteur
- who discovered tha t some bodies cells could ingest microbes and what did he name it?
- Metchnikoff; phagocytes (eating cells)
- what is chemotherapy?
-
-the use of chemicals to treat or fightinfections
-moldy bread (penicillin)
-treated pain or headaches w/extract of willow bark (aspirin) - in the middle ages they used a certain plant to treat heart disease, what was the name of the plant?
- foxglove (digoxin)
- what did they treat malaria w/in the middle ages?
- Cinchona tree bark (quinine)
- what did Alexander Fleming do?
-
-discovered that penicillin mold produced a substance that killed staph.A
-first true antibiotic - sulfa drugs in 1935
-
used to treat general infections
a metalic compound of sulfur still used today to treat primarily urinary infections or bladder infections - in 1953 what did Watson and Crick do?
- DNA structure
- what is microscopy?
- technology of making very small things visible to human eye.
- what is light?
- it is composed of particles called photons
- what are photons?
- little packages of energy which travels in waves
- what is a wavelength or length of light ray?
- distance between waves
- what is resolution?
- the abilith to see two items as separate
- as light rays pass through an object, one or more of these things may occur
- reflection, transmission, absorbtion, diffraction and refraction
- explain what happens in rflection...
- light strikes the object and it bounces back
- explain what happens in transmission
- is the passage of light through an object
- what are the two types of absorbtion?
- luminescence and phosphorescence
- what happens in the absorption?
- all of the light is absorbed
- explain luminescence
- the light is absorbed and it is chaged into longer wavelengths and then re-emitted(florescence)
- what happens in phosphorescence?
- means that the object continues to emit light even when light rays no longer strike it
- diffraction?
- the light waves are broken into bands of different wavelengths when passing through a small opening
- refraction?
- the bending of a light passing from one medium to another
- what is immersion oil used for?
- to dcrease refraction and diffusion
- how does the immersion oil decrease refraction and diffusion?
- because the oil has same index of refraction as glass.this oil removes air as a medium see things much clearer
- light microscope?
- uses visable light to make these specimens visible
- compound light microscope
- it has several lenses
- what is a bright field microscopy?
- light transmitted through specimen
- ? dark field microscopy?
- this type of microscope there is a special condenser(dark field condensor) causes the light to be reflected off of the specimen
- phase contrast microscopy
- uses special condenser (to observe alive and unstained organism)
- florescent microscopy
- ultraviolet light is used and causes different wavelengths to be released by some organisms.
- electron microscopy
- uses beam of electons
- when do you use a transmission electron microscope?
- for veiwing small internal cellular structures and it has a magnification up to 500,000X
- what does a scanning electron microscope do?
- creates 3D images of the surface of a specimen and magnifies up to 5000X(costed w/gold or palladium)
- what ared some ways to prepare specimens for light microscope
-
-wet mounts
-hanging drop (special version of wet mount)
-smears
-process of staining - how do you wet mount?
- a drop of medium containing the specimen in place on a microscope slide and it is covered w/a coverslip