Biology Test 3 Study Guide
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- What were Aristotle's Views about evolution?
- Species are fixed and do not evolve
- What were Lamarck's views on evolution?
- He believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
- What did Lyell say in his book Principles of Geology that affected DarwinÂ’s thinking about evolution?
- That natural forces gradually change EarthÂ’s surface and these forces are still operating in modern times.
- 4. Who developed a theory of evolution identical to DarwinÂ’s?
- Alfred Wallace
- Is evolution a unifying theme of biology?
- Yes
- What did Darwin notice about South American fossils he collected?
- They were more similar to modern South American species than to other species.
- What was AnaximanderÂ’s view about evolution?
- Life arose in water and that simpler forms of life preceded more complex ones.
- What did Buffon say about fossils in the 1700Â’s?
- He suggested Earth might be much older than 6,000 years old and proposed the possibility that certain fossil forms might be ancient versions of similar living species.
- How may fossils be formed?
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· When dead organisms captured in sediment decays and leaves an empty mold that may be filled by minerals dissolved in water
· If something is buried in a medium that prevents bacteria and fungi from decomposing it.
· If it’s frozen - Darwin found that Galapagos animals resembled animals from where?
- The resembled species of the mainland more so than animals on similar but distant islands.
- What are the different types of evidence that modern species have evolved from prior species?
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· Biogeography
· Comparative Anatomy
· Comparative Embryology
· Molecular Biology - What are homologous structures?
- Features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry.
- How did MalthusÂ’s essay affect DarwinÂ’s thinking about the evolutionary process?
- Because natural resources are limited, the production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among the individuals of a population with only a percentage of offspring surviving in each generation.
- By what process did Broccoli and cabbage come about?
- Artificial Selection – Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable inherited traits in offspring.
- What is a population?
- A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.
- What is a bottleneck effect? Examples?
- The bottleneck effect is a genetic drift resulting from an event that drastically reduces population size. Events such as earthquakes, fires and floods may kill a numerous amount of a population leaving a much smaller gene pool.
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What is a founder effect? Examples?
This effect is where a small number of individuals colonize to a new location. Residents on some islands that colonize from a civilization and move onto a much smaller gene pool. - This effect is where a small number of individuals colonize to a new location. Residents on some islands that colonize from a civilization and move onto a much smaller gene pool.
- How is a biological species defined?
- As a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
- What the types of reproductive barriers?
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Prezygotic Barriers –
· Temporal isolation – mating or flowering occur at different seasons or times of the day.
· Habitat isolation – Populations live in different habitats and don’t meet.
· Behavioral isolation – There is little or no sexual attraction between males and females.
· Mechanical isolation – structural differences in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer.
· Gametic isolation – Male and/or female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite.
Postzygotic Barriers –
· Hybrid inviability – Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity.
· Hybrid sterility – Hybrids fail to produce functional gamets
· Hybrid breakdown – Offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile. - What is mechanical isolation?
- Occurs when female and male sex organs are not compatible.
- What are pheromones?
- A chemical used by an organism to attract mates.
- What prevents closely related species from interbreeding even when their ranges overlap?
- Temporal isolation – breeding at different times of the day or year.
- What is a mule?
- A hybrid animal – a cross between a horse and a donkey – it is infertile.
- List the taxonomic categories in order from least inclusive to most inclusive?
-
· Specific name
· Genus
· Family
· Order
· Class
· Subphylum
· Phylum
· Kingdom
· Domain - Describe MillerÂ’s experiment.
- He showed that amino acids and other organic molecules could have been generated on a lifeless earth. Chart on page 321.
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What are pairs of rod-shaped bacteria called? Clusters?
Rod shaped – Diplobacilli
Clusters – Cocci -
Rod shaped – Diplobacilli
Clusters – Cocci - What are curved or comma shaped bacteria cells called?
- Vibrios
- What are the pili?
- Short projections on the surface of prokaryotic cells that help prokaryotes attach to other surfaces: specialized sex pili are used in conjunction to hold the mating cells together.
- What is an endospore and how does it help the survival of bacteria.
- A thick coated, protective cell produced within a bacteria cell exposed to harsh conditions. Under harsh conditions the outer cell may disintegrate but the endospore survives all sorts of trauma.
- What group of organisms has produced a number of antibiotics?
- Fungi
- 33. What bacteria species causes food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome?
- Staphylococcus Bacteria
- What disease produces symptoms with a large bullÂ’s eye rash?
- Lyme disease which is carried by the deer tick.
- What KochÂ’s postulates and how might they be used?
-
KochÂ’s postulates are a set of diagnostic criteria that were to prove that the bacteria was the cause of the disease.
· The same, specific pathogen must be identified in each animal (host) that has the disease.
· The pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in a pure culture, one in which no other kinds of cells are present.
· The original disease must be produced in experimental hosts that are inoculated with the pathogen from the pure culture.
· The same pathogen must be isolated from the experimental hosts after the disease develops in them.
This would be used to identify an organism that is causing a disease. - What organism causes African sleeping sickness?
- Trypanosoma
- What structure regulates gas exchange in plants?
- Stomata – Page 346
- What is xylem tissue?
- Made of dead cells forming microscopic piopes that convey water and minerals up from the roots.
- What is phloem tissue?
- Consists of living cells and distributes sugars throughout the plant.
- What organisms are bryophytes?
- They are the mosses – they don’t have any vascular tissue or roots, they take in water cell by cell.
- What are the dominant types of seed plants today?
- Angiosperms – A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
- What is meant by alternation of generations?
- A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporphyte and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte is a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae.
- What is the dominant stage of mosses?
- Gametophytes – page 351
- What structure was a key stop in the adaptation of seed plants to dry land?
- The evolution of pollen produced by the dominant sporophyte.
- What plants have a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed but no fruit?
- Conifers
- What is the male gametophyte of a confer represented by?
- Pollen
- What is a fruit?
- A ripened, thickened ovary of a flower, which protect dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
- What are examples of angiosperms?
- Dandelion, cockleburs, apples, cherries.
- What characteristics might a nocturnal pollinated plant have?
- Large light colored, heavily scented flowers.
- What are hyphae?
- Thin filaments of fungi.