Exam Review 2
Terms
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- LAMARCKIAN EVOLUTION
- Theory that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptative changes and pass them on to offspring
- LEMUROIDEA
- Aye aye/Lemurs. Prosimii (plants, fruits, eggs, and insects) Usually nocturnal but can be diurnal
- HOMINIDS
- Members of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the african apes and their immediate ancestors.
- PLIOCENE
- 5 to 1.8 mya: Australopithecines and ergaster
- EOCENE
- 54 to 38 mya: Modern mammals appear, prosimian primates and first anthropoids
- TAXONOMY
- classification scheme; assignment to categories
- PHYSICAL/ BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
- the study of human biological variation in time and space; includes evolution, genetics, growth and development, and primatology.
- MIOCENE
- 23 to 5 mya: afropithecus, Rama & Siva Pithecus, human and ape ancestors diverge
- COMMONALITIES B/W ALL PRIMATES
- 1. Grasping, 2. smell to sight, 3. Nose to hand, 4. Brain complexity, 5. Parental investmen,t 6. Sociality
- EVOLUTION VIA NATURAL SELECTION
- (NS) process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than other in the same population. Differential reproductive succes.
- Excavation
- digging through the layers of deposits that make up an archaelogical or fossil site and uses superposition.
- ORRORIN TUGENENISIS/ MILLENIUM MAN:
- chimp-size creature that climbed easily ant walked on two legs when on the ground. 6 million years ago...close to the time of the common ancestor of human and chimps. Lived in a wooded environment and was discovered in Ethiopia.
- HOMINOIDS
- Members of the superfamily including human and all apes
- MULTI-REGIONAL EVOLUTION(WOLPOFF)
- Theory that H. erectus gruadually evolved into modern H. sapiens in all region inhabited by humans. As the regional populations evolved, gene flow always connected them, and so they always belonged to the same species.
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS BOISEI
- 2.6 to 1.2 million years ago, cranial capacity: 490, robust, by LEAKEY and in OLDUVAI GORGE
- SPENCER/SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
- The fittest were those who adapted, and there was in principle no limit to the number who might make this accommodation. The struggle for survival was thus not of man against man, but of man against a changing environment
- EVE HYPOTHESIS/KANN, STONEKING & ANDREWS
- DNA sampled of all populations in world; all people are the descendent of one woman in East Africa.
- CENOZOIC ERA
- Most recent geological era. 65 million years ago to the present. Following are epochs:
- LINNAEUS
- Developed the classification (taxonomy) of plants and animals. Grouped life forms on imilarities and idfferences in their physical characteristic. Differences of life forms as a part of the Creator's orderly plan.
- HUMAN EVOLUTION
- If we want to understand how we are now, we have to understand how we got to where we are.
- castastrophism
- View that extinct species were detroyed by fires, floods, and other catastrophes. After each destructive event, God created again, leading to contemporary species.
- ABSOLUTE DATING
- dating techniques that establish dates in numbers or ranges of numbers.
- TAXONOMY
- classification scheme; assignment to categories
- STRATIGRAPHY
- science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata. (included in relative dating)
- NEANDER VALLEY
- found in 1856.
- KEY TRAITS OFAUSTRALOPITHECINCES
- DENTITION, BIPEDALITY, CRANIAL CAPACITY, TOOLUSE, SEXUAL DIMORPHISM
- DIFF B/W NEANDER AND AMH
- Neander: thicker browridges, lating foreheads and exceeded cranial capacity of AMHS. Large jaws and masive faces and more sexual dimorphisim
- KEY TRAITS OF ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS
- 1. enlarged cranial bones, 2. enlarged teeth, 3. stronger and stockly built, 4. used culture to adapt to weather.
- RELATIVE DATING
- Dating technique, for example, stratigraphy, that establishes a time frame in relation to other strata or materials, rather than absolute dates in numbers. (and rule of superposition)
- CEBOIDEA
- tamarins and marmosets / spider monkeys
- HOLOCENE
- 11,000 to present day: emergence of AG
- HOMOLOGIES
- traits that organisms have jointly inherited from a commono ancestor.
- BODY SIZE of H. Erectus
- shorter arms and longer legs, TOOTH CHANGE, OCCIPITAL BUN, BROW RIDGE, TOOL USE: ACHEULIAN TOOLS
- ERECTUS / ERGASTER
- IN AFRICA TURKANA (the NARIOKOTOME BOY)
- PALEONTOLOGY
- study of ancient life through the fossil record.
- ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS KADABBA
- 5.8 to 5.2 million years ago
- KA
- pottassium-argon: volcanic rock, older than 500,000 yrs
- systematic survey
- is information gathered on patterns of settlement over a large area; it provides a regional perspecive on the archaelogical record.
- GREGOR MENDEL
- Discovered genetic traits pas on as chromosomes in homologous pairs. Some are dominant and some are recessive.
- ANTHROPOIDS
- Mebers of Anthropoidea, one of the two suborders of primates; monkeys, apes, and humans.
- UNIQUENESS OF HUMANS RE PRIMATES
- 1. sharing and cooperation (social groups), 2. mating and kinship (marriage and systems of kinship0
- LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
- Chromosomes are inherited independently of one another.
- ROBUST VS. GRACILE
- bosei v. afarensis
- CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
- independent operation of similar selective forces; the process by which analogies are produced
- HOMINOIDEA
- Anthropoids. chimps, gorillas, and humans.
- KEY TRAITS OF Homo(all)
- BIPEDALITY, CRANIAL CAPACITY, TOOL USE, AND TRADITION
- 3 KEY OBSERVATIONS FROM BEAGLE
- 1. Origins of species, 2. Biological diversity, 3. Similarities among related life forms(Natural selection explains all of these)
- PHENOTYPE
- An organism's evident traits, its "manifest biolgy"... anatomy and physiology
- MUTATION
- Changein DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built.
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFRICANUS
- cranial capacity: 490, RAYMOND DART, TAUNG BABY, BROOM, and STREKFONTAIN.
- RULE OF SUPERPOSITION
- In an undisturbed equence of strata, an olders layer is on the bottom.
- ERASMUS DARWIN
- Darwin's grandfather, wrote Zoonomia where it stated there was a common ancestral of all species.
- LATE ARCHAIC/NEANDERTAL
- BRAIN SIZE: 1450 (bigger)KEY CHARACTERISTICS: more developed & sophisticated tools, coexisted with us in Europe.
- PLEISTOCENE
- 1.8 mya to 11,000: archaic and mordern homo emerges
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS ANAMENSIS
- 4.2 million years ago, no published skulls. By ALAN WALKER
- TAPHONOMY
- the study of the processes that affect the remains of dead animals, such as their scattering by carnivores and scavenger, their distortions by various forces, and their possible fossilization.
- LORISOIDEA
- Lorises/Bushbabies. Prosimii
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS AFARENSIS
- 3.8 to 3.0 million years ago. LUCY discovered by Don Johanson, LAETOLI FOOTPRINTS, cranial capacity: 430, gracile
- COMTE DE BUFFON
- influenced Lamarck and Darwin. He made the radical conclusion that species must have both "improved" and "degenerated" (evolved) after dispersing away from a center of creation. He also asserted that climate change must have facilitated the worldwide spread of species from their center of origin.
- DEFINITION OF EVOLUTION
- Belief that species arose from otherss through a long and gradual process of transforomation, or descent wtih modification.
- FLOURINE ANALYSIS
- measure how much flourine from the ground water the fossils have absorbed, so fossil from similar layers hould absorb similar amounts of florine. (included in relative dating)
- HOMO FLORENSIS/ HOBBITS
- -cranial capacity: 380, 7000 to 12,000 years ago in Flores, Indonesia.
- ALFRED WALLACE
- Naturalist who came to a similar conclusion as Darwin that natural selection could explain the origin of species, biological diversity, and similarities among related life forms.
- UNIFORMITARIANISM
- Belief that explanations for past events hould be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today.
- GRADUALISM
- DARWIN
- AUSTRALOPITHECUS ROBUSTUS
- 2.6 to 2.0 million years ago, cranial capacity: 540, by BROOM & ROBINSON, and in SWARTKRANS
- creationism
- explanation for the orgin of species given in Genesis; God created species during the 6 day Creation.
- LIMITATIONS OF FOSSIL RECORD
- (AREAS AND ENVIRONMENT) Certain parts of the bodies are more likely to fossilize and hotter, arid, dry climates preserve fossils better.
- Steps of Excavation
- 1. site is mapped, 2. grid is drawn to represent and subdivide the site, 3. collection units are marked off on the actual site, 4. area is selected, digging begins, andl ocation of every artifact or feature is recorded in three dimensions.
- PRIMATE SUPERFAMILIES
- lemuroidea, lorisoidea, tarsiodea, ceboidea, cercopithecoidea, and hominoidea.
- ESR
- electrospin resonance: rocks and minerals, between 1000 and 1,000,000 yrs
- CERCOPITHECOIDEA
- macaques, glenons, baboons.
- PRIMATE SOCIAL BEHAVIOR
- Live with other species (families), learned ability, (tools), Predation and hunting, aggression and resources. The 3 F'S VS. 3 SHIPS
- OUT OF AFRICA
- Homosapien evolved in Africa, radiates around the world and replaced.
- ANALOGIES
- similarities arising as a result of similar selective forces; traits produced by convergent evolution.
- MITOCHONDIAL DNA
- DNA contributted to the fertilized egg (thus to the child) only by the mother.
- HERBERT SPENCER/SOCIAL DARWINISM
- the idea that biological theories can be extended and applied to the social realm. Just as competition between individual organisms drives biological evolutionary through "survival of the fittest", competition between individuals, groups, or nations drives social evolution in human societies
- EARLY
- ARCHAIC
- C-14
- carbon-14: organic materials, up to 40,000 yrs
- TARSIODEA
- Tarsiers. Nocturnal. Indonesia and Philippines.
- ARDIPITHECUS RAMIDUS RAMIDUS
- 4.5 million years ago
- HOMO ERECTUS OUT OF AFRICA
- Population growth and dispersal, following human lifestyl based on hunting and gathering. To Asia and Europe
- PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM (GOULD)
- Evolutionary theory that long periods of stasis (Stability), during which species change little, are interrupted(punctuated) by evolutionary leaps.
- CHARLES LYELL
- wrote Principle of Geology
- PALEOCINE
- 65 to 54 mya: Mammals spread through old world
- OLIGOCENE
- 38 to 23 mya: anthropoids in Africa in fayum beds
- GENOTYPE
- An organism's hereditary makeup
- PALEOANTHROPOLOGY
- study of hominid and human life through the fossil record
- ARE ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS AMHS ANCESTORS?
- no