Plants
Terms
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- Translocation
- mutation caused by movement of molecular tissues
- Filament
- stem-like structure that supports anthers
- Short-day Plant
- plants with shorter days than nights
- Nectar
- nourishing solution of sugars in plants that animals eat
- Megaspore Mother Cell
- ovules, female spores in gymnosperms
- Simple Leaf
- leaf w/ a single blade
- Ground Tissue System
- made of parenchyma, collenchyma & sclerenchyma cells
- Long-day Plant
- plants with longer days than nights
- Heartwood
- older, darker wood in the center of the tree
- Radicle
- embryonic root
- Cohesion-Tension Theory
- H2O is pulled up xylem by attraction of molecules to each other
- 2,4-D
- weed killer, selectively kills dicots
- Vascular Cambium
- lateral meristem that produces vascular tissue
- Adventitious Roots
- special roots that grow from stems & leaves
- Auxins
- hormones for plant elongation and rooting
- Ovary
- female part of flower that encloses the egg
- Vessel Element
- sclerenchyma cell w/ holes or no end walls
- Petals
- inner whorl of colored "leaves" of a flower
- Microspores
- spore produced during meiosis in microsporangium
- Gravitropism
- plant growth response to gravity
- Growth Retardants
- chemicals that prevent plant growth
- Phototropism
- plant growth in response to light
- Sink
- where plants use / store sugars
- Fibrous Root System
- mat of thread-like roots; increases nutrients
- Critical Night Length
- plant requirements when in darkness
- Anther
- produces pollen grains in angiosperms
- Tissue Culture
- production of new plants from pieces of tissue placed on a sterile nutrient medium
- Vascular Tissue System
- includes phloem & xylem
- Photoperiodism
- plant response to day and night length
- Sclerenchyma
- tightly packed rigid cells; provide strength; shells on nuts
- Epidermis
- outer layer made of parenchyma cells
- Net Venation
- branching network of veins in leaves
- Thigmotropism
- plant's growth response to touching a solid object
- Veins
- vascular tissue in the vascular bundles
- Blade
- broad, flat portion of a leaf where photosynthesis occurs
- Sieve Tube Member
- the conducting parenchyma cell of angiosperm phloem
- Gibberellin
- fungus that stimulates elongation growth
- Tropism
- plant movement toward or away from an environmental stimulus
- Megasporangia
- produced by female cones
- Leaflets
- the division of a blade
- Megaspores
- produces spores that develop into female gametophytes
- Root Cap
- covers the apical meristem
- Tendril
- coiled leaf structure
- Transpiration
- daytime plant H2O loss from evaporation
- Spongy Mesophyll
- layer below the palisade meso; area of gas & H2O exchange
- Dormancy
- state of reduced metabolism
- Pistil
- contains the stigma, style & ovary
- Pith
- plant tissue located in center of stem
- Mesophyll
- two main tissue layers in leaves
- Fall Colors
- caused mainly by photoperiodic response, temp., etc.
- Primary Growth
- tissue made by apical meristems in plants
- Cotyledons
- seed leaves
- Vernalization
- requirement that some seeds or spores be exposed to cold before germinating
- Agent Orange
- herbicide causing health problems in humans
- Microgametophyte
- microspores that develop into male gametophytes
- Biennial
- plant w/ 2 year life cycle
- Ovules
- the egg carrying structure inside the ovary
- Antheridium
- male reproductive organism (for sperm)
- Venation
- arrangement of veins in a leaf
- Chemotropism
- plant growth response to chemicals
- Stigma
- tip of the style
- Nastic Movements
- plant movement independent of the direction of stimuli
- Stamens
- male reproductive structures incl. anther and filament
- Macronutrients
- elements (N2 & K) used by plants in large amounts
- Lateral Meristem
- area of plant growth increasing diameter
- Source
- place where sugars are made in a plant
- Apical Meristem
- area of plant growth at tips of stems & roots
- Cuticle
- waxy layer that prevents H2O loss
- Receptacle
- swollen tip; beginning of flower production
- Endodermis
- specialized cell layer; regulates substances in plants
- Alternation of Generations
- reproductive cycle involving two or more phases (algae, mosses, gymnosperms)
- Ethylene
- hormone responsible for the ripening of fruits
- Growth Regulators
- hormones that stimulate or inhibit plant growth
- Microspore Mother Cells
- pollen, male spores in gymnosperms
- Archegonium
- seedless plant female reproductive structure; produces one egg
- Bark
- protective outside covering of woody plant
- Apical Dominance
- inhibition of lateral buds by presence of a shoot tip
- Pollen tube
- grown by the pollen grain
- Internodes
- segments of a stem between nodes
- Abscission
- detachment of leaves, flowers or fruit from a plant
- Micronutrients
- hardly used nutrients such as manganese
- Day-neutral Plant
- plant unaffected by day length
- Dermal Tissue System
- forms outside covering of plants
- Hormones
- chemical "messengers" that respond to the environment & interact w/ target tissues
- Pollen Grain
- microgametophyte of a seed plant
- Node
- end of an internode where leaves attach
- Sporophyte
- diploid generation of land plants; produces spores
- Root Hairs
- hair-like extensions of the epidermal cells
- Cytokinins
- promotes cell division in plants
- Petiole
- stalk-like structure; attaches blade to the stem
- Cork
- lateral meristem that produces protective layer
- Bolting
- rapid lengthening of internodes caused by gibberellic acid
- Compound Leaf
- leaf w/the blade divided into leaflets
- Pressure-flow Hypothesis
- explains the flow of sugars in plants
- Grafting
- joining of 2 or more plant parts to form a single plant
- Parallel Venation
- arrangement of veins parallel to each other
- Wood
- secondary xylem that no longer carries H2O
- Annual Ring
- yearly growth ring in a woody plant
- Guard Cells
- modified cells bordering stoma that regulate gas & H2O exchange
- Sori
- clusters of sporangia grouped together on ferns
- Solar Tracking
- leaves or flowers following sun's movement across the sky
- Microsporangia
- structure that produces microspores
- Style
- stalk-like structure rising from the ovary
- Megagametophyte
- female gametophyte
- Gametophyte
- multicellular structure that produces gametes
- Nyctinastic Movements
- plant movement in response to dark and light
- ABA
- abscisi acid, inhibits other hormones like IAA
- Thigmonastic Movements
- plant movement in response to touch
- Cuttings
- pieces of stem or root cut from a plant to produce new plants
- Secondary Growth
- tissue made by lateral meristems in plants
- Sepals
- outermost leaf part of flower; protects bud
- Sapwood
- younger, lighter wood toward the outside of the tree
- Collenchyma
- elongated cell w/ thick walls; provide support; celery stalks
- Vegetative Propagation
- use of vegetative structures to produce new plants
- Pollen
- male gamete of a seed plant
- Tracheid
- xylem structure; thick walled w/tapering ends
- Cortex
- ground tissue in epidermis
- Taproots
- large, long, primary root; grows down
- Seed Coat
- protective coat surrounding plant embryo
- Parenchyma
- loose, cube shaped cells; fleshy parts of fruit
- Layering
- process of causing roots to form on a stem
- Palisade Mesophyll
- layer of tissue under the upper dermis; photosynthesis takes place