AP Biology Chapter 7
Key points from Chapter 7 in the sixth edition AP bio book.
Terms
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- resolving power
- resolution; a measure of the clarity of an image
- pore complex
- intricate protein structure that lines each pore on the nuclear lamina and regulates the entry and exit of certain large macromolecules and particles.
- free ribosomes
- suspended in the cytosol and produce proteins that will function in the cytosol
- cisternal space
- internal compartment of the ER
- nucleus
- The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell
- intermediate filament
- A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfliments. It reinforces cell shape and may fix organelle position and it is more permanant than other microtubles and microfilaments.
- vesicles
- A sac made of membrane inside of cells; engaged in the transfer of material between the Golgi and other structures.
- Golgi stacks
- __ have a distinct polarity, with membranes of cisternae at opposite ends of the stack differing in thickness and molecular composition that are responsible for the shipment of different materials through the organelle.
- lumen
- cavity
- plasma membrane
- membrane that bounds cells that acts as a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes; thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.
- endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- An extensive membranous network in eukaryote cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions.
- cellular
- Everything an organism does occurs fundamentally at a __ level.
- detoxification
- usually involves adding hydroxyl groups to drugs, making them more soluble and easier to flush from the body.
- chloroplasts
- plastid that contains the green pigment chlorophyll
- Tay-Sachs disease
- lysosomes became engorged with indigestible lipids in the brain
- prokaryotic cell
- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains of bacteria and Anarcheae.
- acidic
- lysosomal membrane pumps hydrogen ions from the cytosol into the lumen because the lysosomes prefer an __ environment.
- kill
- The main disadvantage of the electron microscope is the methods used to prepare the specimen __ the cells.
- extracellular matrix
- The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.
- Pompe's disease
- lysosomes became engorged with indigestible glycogen in the liver
- plastids
- One of a family of closely realated plant organelles, including chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts.
- cytosol
- After digestion in the lysosome, digestion products pass into the __ and become nutrients for the cell
- cell sap
- solution inside the vacoule that differs in composition from the cytosol because of the tonoplast
- centriole
- A structure in an animal cell compsed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division.
- multicellular
- More complex organisms are __ because their bodies are cooperatives of many kinds of specialized cells that could not survinve for long on their own.
- nucleolus
- A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes.
- phagocytosis
- eating by engulfing smaller organisms or other foold particles
- contractile vacuoles
- A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
- cisternae
- network of membranous tubules and sacs within the ER
- mitochondria
- an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular repiration
- cytosol
- the semifluid portion of cytoplasm
- cell fractionation
- the disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centifugation so their fuctions can be studied
- autodigestion
- when the lysosome breaks open and begins to break down the cell which destroys the cell.
- flagella
- long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move
- desmosomes
- anchoring connections that prevent cells subject to stress from being pulled apart
- Food vacuoles
- A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis
- stroma
- The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
- cilia
- appendages of the cell membrane that move to propel materials past the cell. 9 outer doublets and central pair of MICROTUBLES that give the cell support. FLAGELLA are similar in structure but have greater length
- microfilament
- A solid rod of actin proteinin they cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. It forms a 3-D support network just inside the cell membrane and produces cytoplasmic streaming
- microtubule
- A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton. It provides tracts for organelle movement.
- fibronectins
- glycoprotein that attaches some cells and the ECM to the plasma membrane of the cell.
- cytoplasm
- The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane
- modified
- The thickness, molecular composition, and metabolic behavior of a membrane are not fixed, but may be __ several times during the membrane's life.
- proteoglycan
- A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate.
- endomembrane system
- Although mitochondria and choroplasts are enclosed by membranes, they are not part of the __ because their membrane proteins are made from free ribosomes, not the ER.
- central vacuole
- A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. It holds important organic compounds and is the main repository of inorganic ions.
- organelles
- one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cythoplasm of eukaryotic cells
- golgi apparatus
- An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. made of cisternae
- transmission electron microscope
- used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells.
- endomembrane system
- The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles
- peroxisome
- a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that transfers hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.
- secondary cell wall
- A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support.
- phospholipids, protein
- Biological membranes consist of a double layer of __ and other lipids embedded with diverse __.
- DNA
- Mitochondria and choloplasts contain a small amount of __ that programs the synthesis of proteins made on the organelle's own ribosomes.
- oligosaccharide
- a relatively small polymer of sugar units
- electron microscope
- A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.
- actin
- A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells.
- smooth ER
- The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes. used for synthesis of lipids (oils, phospholipids, and steriods), metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons
- pseudopodia
- extensions of a protozoan's plasma membrane, which function in getting food and in locomotion
- rough ER
- The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. Secretes proteins such as insulin, hydrolytic enzymes, and lysosomal membrane.
- light microscope
- An optical instrument with lenses that refreacts visible light to magnify images of specimens.
- primary cell wall
- A relatively thin and flexable cell wall furthest outside that is first secreted by a plant cell
- granum
- A stack portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chorolplast. It fuctions in the light reactions of photosynthesis.
- autophagy
- when hydrolytic enzymes recycle the cell's own orgainc material
- cytology
- the study of cell structure
- cell wall
- a protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists; in plant cells, the wall if ofrmed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. Primary is thing and flexible, whereas the second is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood
- chloroplasts
- An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.
- thylakoids
- A flattened membrane sac inside the choroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy
- artifacts
- Structural features seen in micrographs that do not exist in the living cells.
- smooth ER
- Prolonged use of toxins fosters the proliferation of __
- amyloplast
- plastid that stores starch
- biochemistry
- the study of the molecules and chemical processes of metabolism.
- dynein
- A large contractile protein form the side-arms of microtuble doublets in cilia and flagella.
- plasmodesmata
- Open channels in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell.
- chromatin
- the complex DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
- integrins
- Cell surface receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane and bind of the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins; transmit changes between ECM and cytoskeleton
- programmed destruction
- important to the development of multicellular organisms because it destroys useless body parts.
- gap juntions
- A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells.
- magnification
- the ratio of an object's image to its real size
- bound ribosomes
- attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum and make proteins for insertation into membranes, packaging within certain organelles, or export from cell.
- ribosomes
- tiny organelles that make protein according to the instructions from the genes.
- semiautonomonous organelles
- organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell. ex: mitochondria and choroplasts
- identical, alternate
- Bound and free ribosomes are structurally __ and can __ between the two roles.
- ultracentrifuge
- A machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to separate liquids and particles of different densities
- ER
- Products from the __ are usually modified during their transit from the cis pole to the transpole.
- secretion
- exports from cell
- open
- Organisms are __ systems that transform the energy they acquire from their surroundings.
- disposal
- Many plant cells use their vacuoles as __ sites for metbolic by-productsthat would endager teh cell if they accumulated in the cytosol.
- central vacuole
- contains 1. the pigments that attract pollinating insects to flowers 2. the poisons that compounds that protect plants
- lysosome
- membrane-bounded sac of hydrolytic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules
- chromoplast
- plastid that has pigments
- nucleoid
- A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
- cell
- The __ is the simplest collection of matter that can live.
- tonoplast
- A membrane that encloses the central vacoule in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap.
- mitochondrial matrix
- The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Kreb's cycle.
- chromosomes
- carry genes in the form of DNA
- Scanning electron microscope
- used to study the fine details of cell surfaces
- middle lamella
- the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells
- functions
- Each type of membrane has a unique composition of lipids and proteins suited to that membrane's specific __.
- collagen
- a glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells aht forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom
- mysosin
- A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction.
- centrosome
- Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center.
- cellular respiration
- the catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels with the help of oxygen
- basal body
- a eucaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9 + 0 arrangement of microtubular triplets; may organize the microtubular assembly of a cilium or flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole
- glycoproteins
- A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate.
- nuclear matrix
- a framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
- transport vesicles
- A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell.
- cytoskeleton
- A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filament that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport fuctions
- cytoplasmic streaming
- a circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells