Bio Vocab for Final
Terms
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- reproductive system
- the system for the means of continuing the species
- ATP
- one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to release and store energy; like a battery
- codominance
- AB
- gene mutation
- mutation where the nucleotide sequence of genetic material of an organism is changed
- f2 generation
- the offspring from crosses among individuals in the f1 generation
- f1 generation
- the fist offspring from a cross of two varieties in the parental generation
- cancer
- disorder in which some of the bodys own cells lose the ability to control growth and overproduce...a mass production of cells
- electrical energy
- the work which must be done against the Coulomb force to rearrange charges from infinite separation to this configuration, energy from electricity
- translocation
- one part of a chromosome is on another
- Spindle
- fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
- lymphatic and immune system
- fights off disease
- Translation
- the process of decoding a mRNA message into to a poly-peptide chain or chain of amino acids that form a protein...translating the mRNA
- chlorophyll
- the plants primary pigment which absorbs light
- respiratory system
- • Breathing rate increases during exercise due to the need for oxygen, which is used to convert glucose into ATP
- Prophase 2
- meosis 1 results in two haploid (n) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell, and each of the cells chromosomes has 2 chromatids, so there are 4 chromatids per cell
- digestive system
- • Equivalent to the cell membranes of monerans and protists, phagocytosis of amoeba, digestive tract of cnidarians and flatworms, digestive tract of insects, vertebrae's etc.
- gene
- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
- steps of genetic engineering
- dna extraction, cutting dna, separating dna, reading te sequence, cutting and pasting, making copies
- anaerobic respiration
- respiration that does not require oxygen
- immune response
- a series of specific defenses that attack the particular disease causing agent
- autosome
- chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, programs for body traits and functions
- sound energy
- the energy generated from sound (soundwaves)
- shaded square
- represent male who is homozygous for the recessive trait; has the trait
- Start codon
- AUG or met, it is ATG in dna
- muscular system
- • Organs included are muscles tendons muscles in organs
- half shaded
- carrier
- Intron
- the DNA of eukaryotic genes that contain sequences of nucleotides that are not involved in the coding of proteins
- aerobic respiration
- respiration that requires oxygen
- S phase
- synthesis stage, where protein synthesis and dna replication take place
- stomata
- holes in the bottom of the leaf where gas exchange takes place
- muscular system
- the system that deals with the means of movement
- tRNA
- transfer RNA, it transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in the mRNA
- chromatid
- one of the two identitcal sister parts of a duplicated chromosome
- respiratory system
- • Is equivalent to the cells membranes of protists, a plant leaf stoma, the gills of a fish etc.
- bacteria
- domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycan, can cause infection , treated by antiobiotics
- vaccine
- an injection of a weakened form of a pathogen to produce immunity
- dna fingerprinting
- analysis of sections of dna that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals..the usage of dna for identification
- respiratory system
- • Organs are lungs, nasal passages, trachea and bronchi
- genetics
- the study of heredity
- radiation
- a form of treatment for cancer where parts of the body with cancerous tumors are exposed to high energy radiaton which disrupts cell division, and can often destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to normal cells
- nervous system
- • Organs include the brain, spinal cord and nerves
- Anaphase 2
- the sister chromatids or paired chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of each cell
- antigen
- the substance that triggers an immune response
- virus
- particle made up of nucleic acid, protein and in some case lipids that can only replicate by infecting living cells
- Mitosis
- part of eurkaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides, nuclear division, occurs in 4 stages, results starts with 1 diploid cell result is two diploid cells
- genotype of a female with normal vision
- XHXHIAi or XHXHIBi
- digestive system
- • Accessory organs which provide digestive enzymes and in the case of the live processes some of the food absorbed: salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
- chromosome
- threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the gentic information that is passed from one generation to the next
- homologous chromosome
- a chromosome hat has a corresponding chromosome from one of the other parents; a set of chromosomes are homologous if each chromosome from the male parent correspond with the chromosomes from the female parent
- deletion
- the removal of one nucleotide of DNA
- excretory system
- the system of fluid waste removal
- horizontal line between male and female
- married
- diploid
- term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
- digestive system
- • Includes the mouth salivary glands esophagus stomach and small and large intestines
- fossil fuel
- hydrocarbons (an organic compound consisting entirely or hydrogen and carbon found within the top layer of the earths crust) derived from the living matter of a previous geologic time which is used for fuel...oil, natural gas or coal
- Codon
- three nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
- integumentary system
- • Organs include skin and sweat glands
- secondary consumer
- fox eating a bunny that ate grass, carnivore, lions and bears
- codominance
- both alleles are expressed, RR1= red and white
- meiosis
- process by which the number of chromosmes is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell, cell division in two diploid cells, results in 4 different haploid cells, each of which are gametes...produces sex cells
- integumentary system
- responsible for production of vitamin D
- infectious disease
- a disease cased by an infection of some sort
- digestive system
- the system for breakdown and absorption of nutrients
- half shaded
- carrier of gene
- Genetic code
- the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. Specifically, the code defines a mapping between tri-nucleotide sequences called codons, and amino acids; every triplet of nucleotides in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid
- Cytokenesis in animal cells
- a ring of microfiliments graduall contracts inward like a drawstring and pinches the cell into two. In most animal cells the cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts, each part containing its own nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles...cleavage furrow divides cells
- digestive system
- • Through mechanical digestion in the mouth and stomach the food gets broken into small pieces but the actual organic molecules remain the same
- equation for photosynthesis
- 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
- cardiovascular system
- the delivery system
- true-breeding
- displaying only one form of a particular trait in offspring
- herbivore
- a consumer Animals who eat plants are called... Example is a deer who just eats plants...
- Exon
- the DNA sequences that code for proteins...they are "expressed" in protein synthesis
- fermentation
- process by which cells release oxygen in the absence of oxygen
- anaphase 1
- the fibers pull the homologous chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell
- point mutation
- a mutation in just the DNA sequence such a substitution, insertion or deletion (Borley, Moorley, Orley)
- digestive system
- • Through chemical digestion( the proteins start in the stomach just about everything is in the small intestine) the organic molecules are broken down from polymers to monomers
- excretory system
- • Equivalent to the cell membranes of monerans and protists, the nephridia of annelids and the green glands of arthropods
- Telophase and Cytokenesis 2
- results in four haploid daughter cells, each are genetically different, with two chromatids per each of the 4 daughter cells. They are sex cells, each with only two chromosomes each
- thermal energy
- energy of heat; the energy relating to temperature and heat-as temperature increases/decreases energy does so as well, the energy associated with the microscopical random motion of particles constituting the media.
- heterotroph
- organism that obtain energy from the food it consumes
- sticky ends
- the ends on a plasmid or piece of dna at which the gene attaches to
- cardiovascular system
- • The blood carriers many essential materials through the body such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones etc.
- ligament
- connects bone to bone
- digestive system
- • These monomers are now able to be absorbed in the small intestine for delivery by the blood stream, the water is absorbed by the large intestine
- RNA
- a single stranded long chain of nucleotides (each of which is made up of a 5-carbon sugar [pentose], a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base [A,U,C,G]) ribonucleic acid...a disposable or working copy of a segment of DNA or of a single gene. Has many functions, main one is protiein systhesis. Sugar is ribose
- digestive system
- • Takes food and breaks it down into nutrients the body needs
- incomplete dominance
- blending, recessive alleles slightly masks he dominant expression, rr1=pink
- allele
- a version of a gene ie hair color is gene, allele is blonde or brunette; an alternate form of a gene, a version of a gene
- endocrine system
- is an integrated system of small organs that involve the release of extra cellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, growth, development and puberty, tissue function, and also plays a part in determining mood.[1]
- chloroplast
- organelle found in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
- inversion
- where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end...ie ABC to CBA
- antibody
- proteins that recognize and bind to antigens who then fight disease
- heterozygous
- refers to an individual with two different alleles for a trait
- integumentary system
- regulation of body temperature through blood flow
- Stop codon
- signals the stop of translation, they are UAG,UAA, or UGA
- primary consumer
- something that eats a produceran herbivore(vegetarian)....such as a bunny eating grass
- protein synthesis
- The transcription of mRNA from DNA which in turn leads to protein synthesis...the whole sysnthesis includes transcription and translation...the formation of proteins
- non disjunction
- is the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during cell division. This could arise from a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I, or the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II or mitosis. The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Examples are Down syndrome, Triple-X syndrome, Klinefelter's Syndrome, Turner's Syndrome
- vector
- animal that carries pathogens from person to person; truck, carries pathogens or viruses from organisms to other organisms or materials around a cell
- excretory system
- • Organs are the kidney bladder and urethra
- skeletal system
- • Produces red blood cells
- passive immunity
- when the bod is temporarily protected from the disease when the antiobodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream
- immunity
- the function of the immune system is to fight infection through the production of cells that inactivate foreign substances and cells-the process is...
- alcoholic fermentation
- fermentation to form ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, used by yeast and other things...ie lactic organism is what causes the bubbles in a slice of bread. Pyruvic acid+NADHalcohol+co2+NAD+
- pathogen
- disease causing agent
- skeletal system
- Supports the body
- nervous system
- • Controls body movement, peristalsis, and digestion of food, interpretation of sensory input, heartbeat, breathing etc
- Prophase
- the first and longest phase of mitosis during which the choromosomes become visible and the Centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus
- reproductive system
- • The greatest period of development occurs in first trimester during which the embryo or fetus is most vulnerable to birth defects by chemicals...the 33rd trimester is largely one growth in the fetus, although some development still occurs
- Chromosome
- threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the gentic information that is passed from one generation to the next
- lymphatic and immune system
- fluids and nutrients released by diffusion from the blood stream are returned to the blood via tubes of lymphatic system-->these fluids are filtered in lymph nodes were pathogens are removed and destroyed
- reproductive system
- • In females it consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes uterus and vagina
- chemical energy
- he energy due to associations of atoms in molecules and various other kinds of aggregates of matter
- m phase
- cell division stage of a cells life, where mitosis occurs
- nonrenewable energy
- a natural resource that cannot be re-made, re-grown or regenerated on a scale comparative to its consumption
- respiratory system
- • Contains the epiglottis(prevents food blockage of trachea=choking), larynx(voice box), trachea, bronchi, and lungs
- integumentary system
- • 1st barrier to disease and the environment
- nervous system
- • Contains the central nervous system(the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system which contains the cranial, spinal and other peripheral nerves
- Metaphase
- second phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the middle of the center of the cell
- plasmid
- small circular piece of dna
- mRNA
- messenger RNA, serve as messangers from DNA to the rest of the cell
- ABO gene
- is codominant, type O has neither A nor B antigens, type A has A antigens only, type B has B antigens only type AB has both a and b antigens
- renewable energy
- resources which can be replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users
- mechanical energy
- describes the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system.
- muscular system
- • Equivalent to cilia and flagella of protists. Mollusk shell closing muscles. Etc.
- p generation
- the parental generation; the first two individuals that match in a genetic cross...first two individuals in generation
- Lymphatic and Immune System
- The drainage and defense system
- muscular system
- • Works with skeletal system
- reproductive system
- • Implantation and development of the zygote into an embryo and then a fetus, occurs in the uterus over a period of 9 months
- equation for cellular respiration
- 6O2+C6H12O66CO2+6H2O+Energy...oxygen and glucose carbon dioxide, water and energy
- cytokenesis
- division of the cytoplasm in during cell division, part of cell cycle but different part of cell cycle than mitosis
- rRNA
- ribosomal DNA, the make-up of ribosomes, key in ribosomal synthesis
- ecology
- the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their environment
- metaphase 1
- spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes which are lined up in the middle
- duplication
- a duplication of a chromosome
- Mesophyll cells
- ground tissue system of a leave, chief site of gas exchange
- endocrine system
- • Information signaling system that uses blood vessels as information channels
- cardiovascular system
- • contains heart and blood vessels
- cardiovascular system
- • Equivalents: xylem and phloem of plants, open circulatory systems of arthropods
- phenotype
- an individuals physical makeup or appearance
- square
- male symbol
- skeletal system
- • Organs included are bones and cartilage
- integumentary system
- • equivalents are cell walls of monerans and plants, bark of trees
- interphase 1
- cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes
- monohybrid cross
- a cross involving one pair of contrasting traits
- genotype of a colorblind male
- XhY
- pigments
- light absorbing molecules that help plants to gather the suns energy
- circle
- female symbol
- tendon
- connects bone to muscle
- endocrine system
- • Equivalent to plant growth hormones, insect hormones etc.
- gamete
- specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction; a sex cell
- pedigree
- a chart that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait across several generations...by analyzing a pedigree it is possible to determne whether a trait is controlled by a dominant or recessie gene and if it is sex linked or on an autosomal chromosome
- heredity
- the transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring
- Anticodon
- group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are compelementary to an mRNA codon
- skeletal system
- Equivalent to cell walls of monerans and plants, shells of mollusks, hydrostatic skeletons of cnidarians, exoskeletons of arthropods etc.
- nervous system
- • Uses nerves as information channels
- reproductive system
- • The fertilization of the ovum by the sperm occurs in the fallopian tubes
- restriction enzymes
- enzymes that cut dna at a specific sequence of nucleotides
- cloning
- the process of forming clones (members of a population tht are genetically identical cells produced from a single cell)
- chemotherapy
- treating the patient and their cancer with drugs that disrupt cell division
- muscular system
- • The skeletal muscle contraction is controlled by the nervous system
- cardiovascular system
- • the action of the heart is to pump blood through the blood vessels...a 4 chambered heart separates the oxygenated blood(from the lungs) and deoxygenated blood(to the lungs) thus maximizing the amount of oxygen that reaches the body tissues; frogs have a 3 chambered heart
- digestive system
- • Primary organs through which food passes: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
- excretory system
- • Blood is filtered of wastes in the kidneys and a balance of solutes and body fluids is thus regulated by the production and release of urine
- food web
- extends the food chain concept from a simple linear pathway to a complex network of interactions...the whole complex network between animals in a food chain, ie instead of showing that sunlight gets used by plants which get eaten by bunnys it would show the possible things each thing can go to, ie shows that the plant can not only go to a bunny but to a hamster as well
- nervous system
- • Equivalent to the nerve nets of cnidarians, ganglia of worms etc.
- guard cells
- formed when the stoma is hydrated, they regulate the size of the stomata
- shaded circle
- represent female who is homozygous for the recessive trait; has the trait
- genotype
- the gentic makeup of an organism as indicated by its set of alleles
- genotype of a female carrier with normal vision
- XHXh
- gene therapy
- the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in which a defective mutant allele is replaced with a functional one.
- Cytokenesis in plant cells
- a cell plate forms inside the cell and grows outward, eventually dividing the cell in two.-->result is two daughter cells each bounded by its own continous membrane and its own cell wall...cell plate divides cells
- respiratory system
- • Puts oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
- endocrine system
- • Contains the hypothalamus, the pituary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, ovaries, testes, pancreas
- consumer
- an animal, organisms that cant make their own food, get it from eating other producers
- Telophase and Cytokenesis 1
- nuclear membranes form the cell seperates into two cells
- recombinant dna
- dna made from two or more different organism
- photosynthesis
- the process by which plants use the sun light's energy, carbon dioxide and water to form glucose (sugar) and oxygen; using the suns energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars or plant food
- cellular respiration
- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
- Prophase 1
- each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad (a structure of 4 chromatids, formed by chromosomes pairing with its homologous chromosome)
- recessive
- little r, only expressed if dominant trait is not present;genetic trait that is not expressed wen the contrasting form of the trait is present
- chromosomal mutation
- a mutation that affects many genes such as an extra chromosome, a deletion, a duplication, monosomy or translocation
- skeletal system
- Provides support as well as mineral storage and blood cell productive
- histamines
- chemical released by activated mast cells that increase the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding area
- rh blood system
- A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-
- punnett square
- a diagram that is used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment, can be monohybrid, dihybrid or trihybrid
- ligase
- dna tape, links or combines the two different dna from the organsisms to make recombinant dna
- sex linked traits
- traits that are dominant or recessive depending on gender, disorder pertinent to gender, ie females cant be colorblind..traits can only be carried or present on X or female gene
- g2 phase
- second stage of growth
- omnivore
- a consumer,Animals and people who eat both animals and plants are such as humans and crows
- crossing over
- process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis, that way each chromosome pair now has different chromatids...can cause cell differentiation and eventually evolution
- decomposers
- These are the living things which feed off dead plants and animals and reduce their remains to minerals and gases again. Examples are fungi, like mushrooms, and bacteria
- skeletal system
- Equivalent to cell walls of monerans and plants, shells of mollusks, hydrostatic skeletons of cnidarians, exoskeletons of arthropods etc.
- excretory system
- • Removes the wastes from the body
- mutation
- a change in the DNA sequence that affects the genetic information
- cell cycle
- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
- cardiovascular system
- • Organs are heart veins arteries and capillaries
- reproductive system
- • Haploid gametes are produced in the ovaries and testes
- light energy
- the energy generated from light (sun)
- genetically modified food
- foods that have been enhanced via the use of recombinant dna, ie having corn with vitamins, rice with vitamins or pest resistant tomatoes
- fever
- an elevated body temperature
- four blood groups
- A,B, AB, O
- Ribosome
- small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled, on the rough ER's in a cell, made of RNA and proteins. key function is protein synthesis
- excretory system
- • Contains kidneys ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
- nervous system
- • Controls all body functions, senses and recognizes information from in and outside the body
- potential energy
- stored energy, the work done against a given force
- Gel electrophoresis
- procedure used to separate and analyze dna fragments by placing a mixture of dna fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
- interferons
- a group of protins that help other cells resist viral infection; they interfere with the growth of the virus and inhibit the synthesis of viral proteins in infected cells and block viral replication
- cardiovascular system
- • Works with the respiratory system
- rh gene
- is Rh+ meaning rh antigens are present or rh- when no rh antigens are present, a plus or minus etc.
- respiratory system
- the system for the means of gas exchange
- reproductive system
- • Organs include female and male genitals, and hormone glands
- cardiovascular system
- • Carries materials to the bodies cells and takes away wastes
- autotroph
- organism that can capture energy from sunlight and chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; a plant
- forensic science
- the use of science and genetic engineering in the justice system and crimes
- integumentary system
- the first line of defense; skin
- genetic engineering
- making changes in the dna code of a living organism
- muscular system
- • Helps push materials through the body
- energy transformations
- any process of transforming one form of energy to another. Energy of fossil fuels, solar radiation, or nuclear fuels can be converted into other energy forms such as electrical, propulsive, or heating that are more useful to us
- stem cell therapy
- turning an undiffertiated cell into a cell that can be used to replace an organ or make new organs or limbs that would help someone; using undifferntiated cells for therapeutic reasons
- nervous system
- rapid control of the body
- g1 phase
- first stage of cell growth
- primary source of energy
- sun and light energy
- respiratory system
- • Controls the intake of oxygen and carbon dioxide into the blood
- phloem
- vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
- muscular system
- • Helps the body to move
- Anaphase
- the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move towards opposite poles
- kinetic energy
- energy of motion, the work required to accelerate an object to a given speed.
- Interphase
- period of cell cycle between cell divisions, cell spends 90% of life in this stage, includes growth and synthesis stages of cell cycle
- carbon cycle
- biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth....shows the carbon exchange and paths throughout the earth and atmosphere
- centromere
- cross section in middle of cell where the chromotaids of a chromosome are attached
- polygenic
- something that has multiple genes controlling one trait ie eye color and blood rh types
- humeral immunity
- when b cells provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids
- producer
- a plant, organisms which can create their own food
- Telophase
- fourth and final phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material..almost at two full separate cells. However, this cytoplasm and dense material is not separated until cytokenesis when the cytoplasm is divided.
- Mendel
- scientist who discovered genetics heredity and made important disoveries revolving around mitosis and meoisis
- integumentary system
- barrier to pathogens
- haploid
- sterm used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes, with 23 chromosomes
- restriction sites
- the areas at which restriction enzymes are used; the areas containing the specific dna sequences
- mitochondria
- cell respiration takes place in the mitochondria, cellular power plants" because they generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy
- active immunity
- the type of immunity produced by the bodys reaction to a vaccine
- dihybrid cross
- a cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits
- xylem
- vascular tissue that carriers water upward from the root to every part of a plant
- endocrine system
- the SLOW control of the body
- skeletal system
- • Works with muscles for movement
- sex chromosome
- one of the two chromosomes that are used to determine an individuals sex
- water cycle
- describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the, shows how water is formed and continuously disintegrated to be re-formed again
- endocrine system
- • Its for the slow control of the bodies functions through chemical means or via hormones, these hormones travel through the blood stream and control everything from growth and development to blood sugar levels
- homozygous
- refers to an individual with two identitcal alleles for a trait
- respiratory system
- • Works with the cardiovascular system
- cell mediated immunity
- when t cells provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens living inside cells
- zygote
- a fertilized egg
- metastasis
- the spread of cancer cells beyond their original cells; is generally dangerous, makes a tumor malignant in many cases
- lymphatic and immune system
- • organs include lymph nodes, white blood cells and skin
- muscular system
- • It moves the body, maintains body position and organ volume and generates body heart
- reproductive system
- • Produces sex cells to create children
- dominant
- R, big R, expressed; genetic trait that is expressed when its allele is homozygous o heterozygous
- benign tumor
- a grouping of cells known as a tumor which is not harmful to the body and doesn't grow in size (generally)
- malignant tumor
- a harmful tumor, can result in other diseases and problems, can spread to other parts of the body etc. has the ability to metastases
- lymphatic and immune system
- • equivalent to xylem and phloem of plants, open circulatory system of arthropods
- vertical line
- connects parents to offspring
- genotype of a male with normal vision
- XHY
- reproductive system
- • Equivalent to the binary fission of monerans and protists, budding of the yeasts or plant flowers etc.
- palindrome
- a word, phrase, number or other sequence of units that has the property of reading the same in either direction
- transcription
- produces RNA molecules which are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA, a process known as transcription. During transcription, DNA is turned into a strand of RNA.
- angiogenesis
- the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels; the anti forms of this drug are being used to fight cancer because it stops the growth of new cancerous blood cells so they cant continue to form or replicate within the body
- lactic acid fermentation
- anaerobic process which creates lactic acid which is why your muscles burn after intense workout...from a lack of oxygen
- palisade layer
- area of cells that are responsible for photosynthesis
- RNA polymerase
- an enzyme which forms the RNA, it creates or synthesizes a RNA strand after using a strand of DNA as a template....creates RNA copy of DNA...binds only to promoters, or specific reigons DNA which are DNA signals that indicate to protein polymerase where to bind to make RNA. Enyzyme similar to dna polymerase that binds to dna and seperates the dna strands during transcription
- reproductive system
- • In males it consists of the testes, vas deferens, prostate and cowpers gland, urethra and penis
- integumentary system
- controls body temperature
- nervous system
- • Contains Sympathetic: it controls the body reactions to stress.,...parasympathetic: slows son the body in the absence of stress
- integumentary system
- keeps body fluids and organs inside body
- skeletal system
- the support structure
- nitrogen cycle
- biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformations of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. It is a gaseous cycle., shows nitrogen on the earth and how it is exchanged/used by organisms absorbed etc.
- reproductive system
- • Controls female and male characteristics
- food chain
- The living part of an ecosystem is sometimes called a.... The order that animals feed on other plants and animals
- karyotype
- photograph of chromosomes grouped in pairs, used to diagnose chromosal disorders and mutations
- carnivore
- a consumer.Animals who eat other animals are called... such as a lion.
- transgenic animal
- an animal that contains genes from other organisms
- Metaphase 2
- the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell in a similar way to they would during the metaphase stage of mitosis
- inflammatory response
- a nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection