Midterm Review!!! Every You need To Know!!!
IM noT DonE yeT ill finish l8tr
Terms
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- eukaryotes
- generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells, they contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell
- epiglottis
- stops food from going down the trachea
- mouth
- food is mechanically and chemically broken down
- roots
- anchorage, conduction, absorption
- collenchyma
- (type of ground tissue) strong flexible cell walls that help support larger plants
- vacuoles
- sacklike structures that store materials such as water salts proteins and carbs
- red blood cells
- carry oxygen around the body and contains hemoglobin, no nucleus
- transpiration
- the amount of water loss from leaves, takes place in stomates
- aerobic respiration
- glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy
- endocytosis
- process of taking materials into the cell
- epidermis
- protective tissue that forms the outer layer of tissues of leaves stems and roots, lower contains gaurd cells and upper prevents water loss and lets light into the leaf
- autotrophs
- use light energy from he sun to produce food
- cellular respiration
- process that releases nergy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presense of oxygen
- anaerobic
- does not require oxygen
- electron transport train
- uses high energy electrons from the krebs cycle to convert ADp to ATP
- active transport
- the movement of materials from a low to high concentration using energy
- Carbohydrates
- main source of energy, plants and animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes
- lipids
- made mostly of carbon, and hydrogen atoms,
- Cell theory
- A fundamental concept of biology that states.. All living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, new cells are produced from existing cells.
- glycolosis
- glucose-->2 pyruvic acid+2 ATP
- kidney failure
- when a kidney fails toxins build up and eventually you can die
- stems
- produce leaves, branches and flowers, hold leaves up to sunlight, transport substances between roots and leaves.
- ribosomes
- proteins are assembled on........ they are found throughout cytoplasm and on rough ER
- renal tubule
- portion of the nephron of the kidney containing the fluid filtered through the glomerulus. After passing the renal tuble the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system
- root cap
- protects the root as it pushes through the soil
- fermentation
- anaerobic, releases a small amount of energy
- tongue
- pushes the bolus down your throat
- alcohol fermentation
- glucose (or pyruvic acid)---> 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP
- kidney stones
- when calcium, magnesium or uric salts in the urine crystalize and form very painful stones
- guard cells
- pair of specialized epidermal cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomates
- parenchyma
- thin cell walls and large central vacuoles surrounded by athin layer of cytoplasm(type of ground tissue)
- tracheophytes
- plants with vascular tissue that is necessary to grow tall
- carbohydrate
- compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms
- photosynthesis
- plants use energy from the sun to convert water and co2 into high energy crabs
- nuclear envelope
- two membranes that protects the nucleus, has thousands of nuclear pores
- photosynthesis
- carbon dioxide + water+light --> glucose+ oxygen
- skin
- removes water, salt and urea from the blood in the form of sweat, when body becomes too warm blood vessels dilate, sweat evaporates to cool the body
- protein
- found in foods such as fish, beans
- endodermis
- incloses the the roots vascular cylinder(transport systen)
- chromosomes
- contain genetic information that is passed from one set of cells to the next
- palisades layer
- main section contains chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis(absorbs light that enters the leaf)
- chromatin
- dna bound to protein
- glomerulus
- small network of capillaries encased in the bowmans capsule, where blood filtration takes place
- facilitated diffusion
- specialized transport proteins that speed the movement across a membrane H-->L
- cuticle
- (waxy layer) transparent layer that prevents water loss and covers the plants epidermis
- spongy layer
- lower portion of a leaf, irregular shaped, chloroplast filled cells that are separated by air spaces
- phloem
- transport food and nutrients throughout
- mitochondria
- organelles that convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use, have many folds to increase surface area
- mesophyll
- specialized ground tissue
- lipids
- building blocks of ... are fatty acids and glycerol
- catalyst
- a substance that speeds up a chemical rection
- aerobic
- respiration that requires oxygen to breakdown foods
- hydrotropism
- response to water
- cytoskeleton
- a structure that helps support the cell. Its a network of protein filimants that help the cell maintain their shape, and is also involved in movement
- vascular tissue
- forms atransport system that moves water and nutrients throughout the plant, it contains specialized cells
- geotropism
- response to gravity
- sclerenchyma
- (type of ground tissue) cells have extremly thick, rigid cell walls that make ground tissue tough and strong
- rough endoplasmic reticulum
- involved in synthesis of proteins. ribosomes on its surface
- white blood cells
- army of the blood, fight disease, bacteria invading pathogens
- enzymes
- ...... are like a lock and key model
- kidneys
- play an important role in maintaining homeostasis removes wastes products from the blood, maintain blood PH, regulate water content and volume of the blood.
- carbohydrates
- found i foods such as breads, grains, and pastas
- urinary bladder
- sacklike organ where urine is stored before release
- pigments
- light absorbing molecules
- enzymes
- speed up chemical reactions in cells, proteins that act as biological catalysts
- bryophytes
- plants that lack vascular tissue
- carbohydrates
- made of sugars and starches
- ground tissue
- cells that lie between dermal and vascular tissues mostly of parrenchyma
- meristem
- cluster of tissue that is responsible forcontinuing growth throughout a plants life time
- krebs cycle
- pyruvic acid is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy extracting reactions
- lactic acid fermentation
- 2 pyruvic acid---> 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP
- apical domince
- phenomanon in which the closer a bud is to the stems tip, the more its growth is inhibited
- hemoglobin
- red iron containing pigment that bonds to oxygen
- proteins
- control the rate of reactions and cell process, forms bones and muscles, provides raw materials for growth, transport substances into or out of cells or fight disease
- phagocytosis
- e"eating" solid particles are engulfed/ingested into the cell
- starch
- a complex carbohydrate
- thigmotropism
- response to touch
- chloroplasts
- plants only contain these. They are oranelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
- lysosomes
- only found in animal cells, they are small organelles filled with enzymes. They digest lipids carbs and proteins into molecules the body can use. They also breakdown organelles that have outlived there usefulness and remove junk from the cell
- how old it is
- the amount of lines of a tree represents
- dermal tissue
- consists of a single layer of epidernal cells and a thick waxy layer that prevents against water loss and injury, on roots contains root hair cells which increase surface are and water absobtion, on the underside of leaves contain stomates and gaurd cells which regulate gas exchange
- smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- do not contain ribosomes
- prokaryotes
- generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells. They have genetic material that is not inclosed by a nuclue
- proteins
- contain carbon hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
- nuclear pores
- allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus
- roots
- anchor aplant into the ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil
- exocytosis
- "outside" movement of materials outside the cell
- taproot
- a primary root that grows long thick and strong
- carbohydrates
- made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ina 1:2:1 ratio
- teeth
- mechanically digest foods
- salivary glands
- releases saliva for he chemical breakdown of foods
- golgi apparatus
- a stack of closely apposed membranes. It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
- anaerobic
- lactic acid fermentation, or alcohol fermentation, occurs in cytoplasm, used to produce wine, buttermilk and some cheese
- substrate
- the reactants of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is a substrate
- endoplasmic reticulum
- the site where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell
- nucleus
- contains nearly all the cells dna and other coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
- platelets
- help clott your blood by releasing special protein fibers, and clotting the bleeding area
- centrioles
- only found in animals, they are located near the nucleus and help organize cell division
- urethra
- tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder out of the body
- bowman's capsule
- cup shaped structure in the upper part of the nephron that encases the glomerulus
- petiole
- attaches the blade of a leaf to its stem
- meresmatic tissue
- plant tissue only found in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth
- fibrous
- a type of root that branche out into similar size roots
- ecosystem
- collection of all the organisms tht live in a particular place, togeher with their non living environment
- eukaryotic
- we have ......cells
- lipids
- foumd i foods such as BACON AND VEGTABLE OIL
- glycolysis
- breaks down glucose into 2 atp and 2 pyruvic acid
- ureter
- tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
- stomata
- openings through which gas exchange occurs
- phototropism
- response to light
- organelles
- little organs
- proteins
- amino acids are the building blocks of....
- aerobic
- respiration that makes energy in the presence of oxygen, 36 molecules of ATP are gained, takes place in the mitochondrion
- vascular cylinder
- roots transport system contains xylem and phloem
- nephron
- the functional unit of the kidney
- leaf
- the structure of a ----- is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis
- science
- an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural worl
- phloem
- vascular tissue that conducts food and other dissolved materials throughout the body of the plant
- community
- populations that live together in a defined area
- cortex
- a spongy layer of ground tissue that is inside the epidermis
- heterotrophs
- obtain food from their environment
- digestive system
- two main auctions are digestion and absorption to breakdown food into substances we can use and absorb nutrients and water
- root hairs
- produce alarge surface area for the absobtion of water
- passive transport
- the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
- diffusion
- the process by which moleculse move from a high to low concentration (a type of passive transport)
- xylem
- consists of tracheids and vessel elements, is dead and transports water and minerals up
- lipids
- there are 3 types: fats, oils and waxes, they insulate and cushion your body, prevent heat loss,, stored energy, some lipids ared important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
- population
- a group of organisms of one type that live in the same area
- tropism
- response of a plant to an external stimulus
- pinocytosis
- "drink" small amounts of liquid are taken into the cell
- excretory system
- functions to get rid of metabolic wastes and toxins in the body
- cytoplasm
- portion of the cell outside the nucleus where most chemical reactions occur
- osmosis
- the movement of water from a high to low concentration ( a type of passive transport)
- chlorophyll
- green principal pigment in light absorbtion
- apical meristem
- group of undifferated cells that divide to produce incresed length of stems and roots
- nucleolus
- the assembly of ribosome's begins here
- blades
- part of a leaf that collects sunlight
- yeast
- heterotrophs who use alcoholic fermentation, dont use oxygen anaerobic, eat sugars
- sugar
- a simple carbohydrate
- urine
- the solution that carries wastes out of the body
- casprian strip
- a water proof strip on roots
- xylem
- vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals from roots upward through the plant that helps support the plant (dead)
- loop of Henle
- sectiion of the nephron tubule where water is conserved and the volume of urine minimized