Bio @nd midterm
Terms
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- coleochate
- A green algal clade genus that could be a sister group of plants
- Thallus
- an algal body not differentiated into a root, stem, and leaf
- Gametophyte
- A multicellular haploid plant formed from the mitosis and cytokinesis of spores
- Sporophyte
- multicellular diploid plant formed through mitosis and cytokinesis from diploid zygote
- Bryophyte
- Nontracheophytes
- Nontracheophytes
- The remaining three phyla of the ten plant phyla which lack trachea, includes liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. gameto phyte generation largest, sporophyte dependent on gametophyte
- Liverworts
- phylum hepatophyta, green leaflike layers that lie on the ground. Produce archegonia and antheridia on upper surfaces and anchoring water absorbing filaments called rhizoids on lowr. Could contani gammae
- hornworts
- Phylun anthrocerophyta with sporophytes containing hornlike structures. have stomata that do not close. Contain large, platelike chloroplast and have indeterminate growth. Need nitrogen gas.
- mosses
- phylum bryophyta that have more species then other n.t. many contain hydroid that dies and leaves water channel. lacks lignin (support cell). Also contains leptoids for sucrose transport. Grow by apical cell division. Gametophyte generation contains protonema, filamentous structure. Buds also form which turn into antheridium and archegonium.
- stoma
- opening in cell that permits gas exchange
- cuticle
- waxy covering that covers leafs of all plants to prevent desiccation.
- rhyzoid
- water absorbing filaments characteristic of liverworts and extinct tracheophyte rhyniophyta
- gemmae
- found in liverworts and mosses that are a means of asexual reproduction using a lens shaped outgrowth each capable of developing into a new plant.
- hydroid
- a cell found in mosses that dies and creates a path for water transport.
- leptoid
- a channel found in mosses that is used sucose transport
- antheridium
- a gametangia haploid male sex organ found in gametophyte generation that contains spern *flaggellated and need water in nontrach)
- archegoniun
- a gametangia haploid female sex organ with a swollen base which produces a single egg
- Protonemia
- The green filamentous growth that arises from spore germination in liverworts and mosses and eventually gives rise to a mature gametophyte.
- pyrenoid
- A proteinaceous structure found within the chloroplast of certain algae and hornworts. It is considered to be associated with starch deposition.
- seta
- The stalk of a moss capsule.
- calyptra
- The protective cap or hood covering the spore case of a moss or related plant
- peristome
- fringe of toothlike appendages surrounding the mouth of a moss capsule
- sphagnum
- mosses of that genus that grow in swampy regions which turn dead plants into peat
- epiphyte
- A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a staghorn fern, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients
- tracheophyte
- group of seven phyla that possess single conducting cells called tracheids
- root
- potentially had orgins from a rhizome or a branch that penetrated the soil, characteristic of n.t
- dermal tissue
- outer covering of a plant consisting of epidermis
- vascular tissue
- consisting of xylem or phloem, is plants transport system
- ground tissue
- the rest of plant. used for storage and support, as wel as defensive and attractive purposes
- primary growth
- upward growth of the plant
- secondary growth
- growth in diameter of stems and roots, source of bark and wood
- apical meristem
- located at tips of roots and stems and give rise to primary plant body
- vascular cambium
- cylindrical tissue form secondary xylem and phloem
- cork cambium
- sloughing off of excess tissues to prevent damage
- phloem
- living cells that transport carbohydrates and other nutrients between cells
- xylem
- dead plant cells that conduct water from root to plant
- lignin
- compound that strengthens cells walls of plants trach
- stele
- The central core of tissue in the stem or root of a vascular plant, consisting of the xylem and phloem together with supporting tissues
- protostele
- A stele that forms a solid core of xylem encased by phloem
- siphonostele
- A type of stele in which the vascular cylinder surrounds a pith, as in the stem of the sunflower.
- eustele
- The central cylinder in which the primary vascular tissue is arranged around a pith, as in most seed plants
- microphyll
- first leaf type, small and evolved from sterile sporangium, found in lycopyta (club mosses)
- megaphyll
- other leaf type found in ferns and seed plants, evolved from overtoppingof branches
- vascular bundle
- vascular tissue of young plants, consisting of xylem and phloem, in eudocots form cylinder, and monocots scattered
- homospory
- ancient trac. which bear a single type of spore
- heterospory
- a later system with two types of spores, mega and microspores which develop into mega and microgametophyte. formed in micro and megasporangium in sporophyte
- megaspore
- haploid spore that develops into megagametophyte
- microspore
- haploid spore that developes form mother microspore into microgametophyte
- rhyniophyte
- tracheophyte relative that had rhyzomes and dichotomous branching
- rhynia
- type of rhyniophyte which had a trachea
- club mosses
- phylum lycopod which evolved earlier than other tracheophytes and had different ancestor. Have apical gowth and many contain strobili, a cluster of spore bearing leaves
- Fiddlehead
- The coiled young frond of any of various ferns
- Whisk ferns
- pteriophyta, monophyletic rootless spore bearing plants. Gametophytes live below ground and rely on fungus for life.
- equistium
- genus of horsetails.
- horsetails
- sporangia cuve back towards stem and ar caled sporangiophores. Leaves are mgaphylls. grows in segments
- Carboniferous
- by swamp formation and deposition of plant remains later hardened into coal
- ferns
- sporophyte gen. dominates ifecycle. Contain sori which ar clusters of sporangia. Most are heterosporous
- phyllotaxy
- The arrangement of leaves on a stem
- distihous
- Arranged in two vertical rows on opposite sides of an axis
- seed
- ripened plant ovule containing embryo. diploid zygote
- ovule
- A minute structure in seed plants, containing the embryo sac and surrounded by the nucellus, that develops into a seed after fertilization
- megaspore mother cell
- female diploid cell that develops into megaspore
- nucellus
- The central portion of an ovule in which the embryo sac develops; the megasporangium.
- intugement
- the megasporangium is srrounded by sterile sporophyic structures
- miropyle
- A minute opening in the ovule of a seed plant through which the pollen tube usually enters.
- sporophyll
- A leaf or leaflike organ that bears spores.
- microsporophyll
- A leaflike structure that bears microsporangia
- ovuliferous scale
- Scale of seed cone that contains the megasporangium
- pollen
- male gemetophyte resulting from mitotic divisions of a spore
- pollen strobulous
- conelike cluster of scales modified leaves that produce microspores.
- prothallial cell
- A small, flat, delicate structure produced by a germinating spore and bearing sex organs. It is the gametophyte of ferns and some other plants.
- tube cell
- production to reach the femle gametophyte
- suspensor
- A multicellular filamentous structure developed from a zygote in seed-bearing plants and connecting the embryo to the endosp
- polyembryony
- Development of more than one embryo from a single egg or ovule.
- progymnosperm
- n : an ancestral fossil type from which modern gymnosperms are thought to have derived
- conifer
- phylum pinophyta, most abundent of the gynosprms
- cycad
- cycophyta re palmlike plants growing in tropics
- ginkgo
- phylum gingkophyta conatin only the maidenhair tree which have two sexes and are separated by and y chromosome
- gnetophyta
- share characterisics of angiosperms.
- ephedra
- a gnetophyte
- welwitchia
- a desert gnetophyte with traplike leaves
- dicot
- broad leaved flowing plants that consist of 97% of angiosperms
- monocot
- narrow leaved flowing plants including grasses lillies orchids and palms
- carpel
- a modified leaf protecting the ovules and seeds and prevents self pollination
- ovary
- the broad base surrounding the ovule
- style
- part of the pistil, the apical stalk
- pistil
- a structure composed of one, or two or more carpels and contains the stigma, style, ovary,and ovule.
- anther
- contains pollen producing microsporangia
- filament
- part of the stamen that holds up the anther
- petal
- outer leaf of flower, sterile non spore bearing
- corolla
- consist of inner petals
- sepal
- the outer petals
- calyx
- collective sepals
- perianth
- outer envelope of a flower
- exine
- The outer layer of the wall of a spore or pollen grain
- sporopollenin
- polymer that constitutes the outer wall of spores and pollen grains.
- antipodel cells
- in megagametophyte eventually disintegrate
- polar nuclei
- two haploid cells which fuse with a sperm to create 3n endosperm.
- synergids
- initial entrance site of one of the two sperm which will eventually break and send sperm to polar nuclei.
- dihiscence
- The spontaneous opening at maturity of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents
- double fertilization
- one sperm fuses with the egg cell, the other fuses with polar nuclei to create 3n endosperm
- inflorescense
- orderly cluster of flowers
- fruit
- consists of mature ovary and seeds
- twig
- when trees lose leaves they leave behind twigs. demonstrate primary and secondary growth have scars showing age
- terminal bud
- bud at tip of twig
- leafscar
- result of lateral bud growth
- bud scale scars
- scales left by buds from the pervious year
- pith
- center or plant, surrpunded by primary xylem.
- secondary phloem
- bark
- ray
- connects sieve tubes to perrynchemia
- periderm
- watrproofed cells produced by cork cambium.
- sieve
- make up the phloem transport system
- embolism
- blocking of vascular system