Concepts of science ch. 20
Terms
undefined, object
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- The explanation of what is life
- uses external energy to grow and repair itself, responds to external stimuli, capable of reproduction. are exceptions
- complexity
- number of different parts organized in a whole
- order of complexity
- ranking or hierarchy of complext things in order of the number of separate parts they have
- complex ecosystems
- living systems of matter recycling and energy flowing through
- chemical reactions within constituent
- specific chemical reactions characterize specific life forms but there are many chemical reactions common to almost all life
- life requires water
- water is the essential medium of all cells due to its great ability as a solvent
- growth and devlopment
- organism change in form and function at progressive stages in their lives
- regulation
- regulation of energy use and response to enviromental stimuli
- DNA
- a shared genetic code that is passed down from parent to offspring. DNA is inherited; it controls the chemical reactions in cells that are specific to each species.
- relation to a common ancestor
- all life on earth has a common ancestor from which all the DNA genetic code of life originated
- taxonomy
- the science of catologing living thins, describing them, and giving them names; helps us fit known and newly found organisms into a framework of classification
- aristotle
- philosopher; first known person to work in and write about taxonomy.
- Linneas
- naturalist who was known for keen powers of observation about shared and non shared characteristics of various organisms; original author of linnean classification of shared characteristics.
- Linneaus
- naturalist who was known for keen powers of observation about shared and non shared characteristics of various organisms; original author of linnean classification of shared characteristics.
- Linnean hierarchy
- Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
- Species
- basic unit of Linnean classification; a group of closely related organisms that can interbreed an produce viable offspring
- binomial nomenclature
- use of italicized genus and species names (genus is capitalized, species is not)
- Monera
- Kingdom of microscopic, single-celled organisms w/o a cell nucleus (most primitive living things)
- Protista
- Kingdom of microscopic, mainly single-celled organisms with a cell nucleus
- Fungi
- Kingdom of mulicellular organisms that get their energy and nutrients by absorbing material from the environment
- Plantae
- Kingdom of multicellular organisms that get their energy directly from the SUn via photosynthesis
- Anamalia
- Kingdom of multicellular organisms that get their energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms
- Proposed New Three-Kingdoms
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1. Archaea - newly discovered, single-celled organisms form extreme environments
2. Bacteria - single-celled organisms with no cell nuclei
3. Eucarya - all other life, single- and multi-celled that have cell nuclei - How many species are on Earth
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Known and named: 1,413,000
Estimated: 3-30 million - Life strategies of single-celled organisms
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1. Maintain and regulate hundreds of chemical reactions and processes that go on constantly w/in the cell
2. Through cell walls, absorb from its environment all matter and energy needed for survival - Autotrophs
- more complex single cells that manufacture essential materials from water, carbon dioxide and ammonia, thus keeping itself alive
- Heterotrophs
- simple single cells that must consume a variety of molecules including amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrated
- multicellular life
- organizations of cells working together; this is the orgin of organs and organ systems in very complex multicellular organisms (specification of cells)
- life strategy of fungi
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multicellular strategy: send out the filaments
reproductive straegy: filaments can break off and grow, can produce spores - filaments
- long linear chains of cells that bring nutrients into organism; end of filament absorbs the food directly
- Life strategies of plants
- they take energy from the Sun and lock it up in the form of chemical energy in their tissues and cells
- Algae
- single and multiple celled plants that carry out 50 to 90% of Earth's photosynthetic activity
- Blue-green algae
- cyannobacteria classified as Monera
- Green algae
- single and multicelled organisms, plus some multicelled plants; singlecelled classififed as Protista
- Red algae
- single and multi-celled organisms that grow upon other organisms (like corals); single-celled classified as Protista
- Brown algae
- multicellular plants like seaweeds and kelp
- Types of plants
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1) simple plants - Phylum Bryophyta
2) complex (vascular) plants - Bryophytes
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- no roots
- absorb water directly w/ above ground structures
- grow in moist areas
- reproduce sexually & asexually (spores) - Complex (vascular) plants
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- Have internal plumbing system ot move water (roots, stems and leaves)
- Have was of controlling water loss and protecting reproductive cells
- Have internal structure to allow plant to grow upright - Ferns
- vascular plants requiring water to bring reproductive cells together to form spore-like bodies
- Gymnosperms
- plants that produce seeds w/o flowers; produce pollen (conifers, evergreens)
- Seed
- a reproductive body containing a fertilized plant egg cell wrapped in a nutritional layer and havign a protective coating
- Pollen
- male reproductive cells cast out by plants, some of which land on conifer cones containing female cells
- Angiosperms
- plants that produce seeds and flowers
- Flowers
- sites for reproductive cells to join, which are attractive to flying insects; fruit or seeds develop from the fertilized flower
- Life Strategies of Animals
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- Most consume molecules produced by other life forms
- Reproduce sexually
- Lungs or gills to extract oxygen fomr air (exhale carbon-dioxide) - Invertebrates
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- animal plankton (small multi-celled aquatic life of lakes and oceans)
- annelids (worms)
- mollusks (clams, snails)
- sponges
- corals
- jellyfish
- arthropods (spiders, insects) - Phylum Arthropoda
- the most successful phylum in the animal kingdom by number of species, diversity and biomass
- Class Arachnida (spiders)
- a diverse group with 8 legs and 3 body segments
- Class Insecta (insects)
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the largest and most diverse class of arthropods; comprises 70% of all known animal species; 6 legs and 3 body segments
- Hard exoskeletons
- Unique sensory organs (antennae)
- Hemacoele
- Trachea - Class Crustacea
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have exoskeletons, segmented bodies, and jointed limbs; a circulatory system, muscles and an advanced nervous system
(crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crawfish, etc) - Vertebrates
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- have spinal cords encased by a hollow backbone
- show transition from water to land
- reproductive cells join in water to form eggs - jawless fish (lampreys)
- water moves through the body to filter nutrients; gills extract oxygen from the water
- jawed fish (sharks, ray, bony fish)
- catch prey with jaws and eat it; gills obtain oxygen from water
- boney fish
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salmon, prech, trout, lungfish
-can breath with lungs in air as well as with gills in water; can live out of water briefly - amphibians
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land-living vertebrates spend part of their life cycle in water and part on land; require water to reproduce
(frogs, toads, salamanders) - characteristics of amphibians
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- 3 chambered heart(blood to lungs, back to heart and then to body)
- well developed circulatory system
- lungs collect oxygen as well as through skin - characteristics of reptiles
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- covered in hard scales
- eggs fertilize w/in female body
- 3 chambered heart
- cold blooded (recieves heat energy through skin to maintain body temp) - characteristics of birds
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- feathers (maintain body heat)
- ability of flight
- divided heart (one side sends blood to lungs; other to body)
- warm blooded - characteristics of mammals
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- burn food to maintain body temp
- fertilize egg grows inside female
- hair (temp reg)
- teeth enamel
- legs under body
- larger brain size
- land dwelling
- dominant predator/carnivore of terrestrial food chain