Plant Lab
Terms
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- Collenchyma
- Living at maturity, thicker walls than parenchyma, walls look uneven, found just beneath epidermis, pliable and strong walls, provide support for leaves and flowers, celery strings
- Paraphyses
- Sterile hairs on moss antheridia
- Plant Organs
- Roots, Stems, Leaves and Reproductive
- Paeophyta
- 5th division of algae, browns, primarily cold ocean, kelp, fucas, chlorophyll A, Chlorophyll C, cartenoids, fucoxanthin
- Algae
- Distinguising characteristics are color, flagella and type of membrane
- Cyanobacteria - LM
- Small green dots, mat of green dots, clupish, occasional string
- Chlorophyll A
- All photosynthesis plants have this
- Bryophyta
- live in tightly packed masses, have seta, sporophyte grows out of gametophyte
- Sclerenchyma
- Thick and tough secondary walls imbedded with lignin, dead at maturity, function in structure and support, Sclereids and fibers
- Chlorophyta
- 6th division of algae, greens, diverse in habitat, thought to be precursor to plants, all body types, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, cartenoids
- Gametangium
- Any cell or organ where gametes are formed
- Lycophyta, clubmosses
- have true stems, leaves and roots, microphylls with single vascular bundle, both homosporous and heterosporous members, three genera
- Pyrrophyta - LM
- Purple, pink, spiky
- Rhizoid
- Root like structure in bryophytes
- Ulva - LM
- green algae, sperate cells, cells barely touching, space in between, leafy, medium size leaves
- Heterospory
- having spores of two different sizes, prereq to seed evolution
- Sphenophyta, horsetails, scouring rushes
- Equisetum, lack secondary growth, true leaves and roots, grows to great heights, leaves in whorls around each node, stems are primary photosynthetic organ, homosporous, coated with silica and make good cleaners
- Archegonium
- Multicellular female gametangium, containing the egg, found in bryophytes and some vascular plants
- sorus
- group or cluster of sporangium
- Sporangium
- hollow structure in which spores are produced
- Calyptra
- The hood or cap, which partially or entirely covers the capsule of some species of mosses, it is formed from the expanded archegonial wall
- Megagametophyte
- in heterosporous plants the female gametophyte
- Capsule
- Sporangium of bryophytes
- Hepatophyta, liverworts
- Most like algae, thought first out of water, can reproduce asexually through structure gemma, reproduce sexually as well
- Bryophytes
- Lack true vascular tissue, limited in size, gametophyte is dominant life phase
- Anthocertophyta - Hornworts
- Moist shaded habitat, gametophyte looks like leverworts, each cell has one chloroplast, cyanobacteria live in leaf and supply them with extra nitrogen, differ in ways capsules look
- Lateral Meristems
- Secondary growth, vascular cambium which runs length of roots and stems, cork cambium runs length of root and stems found in woody plants, produce cells and tissues only after the primary tissues produced by the apical meristems have begun to mature
- Lycophyta genera
- Lycopodium, selaginella, isoetes
- Phloem
- Living at maturity, transport sugar, sieve tube members and companion cells, end walls are not open but are full of pores in sieve plates, cytoplasm is active in conduction in food materials
- Microspore
- spore that develops into male gametophyte
- Rhizome
- horizontal underground stem
- Intercalary Meristems
- Found in monocots, actively produce new cells for increases in length, responsible for grass regrowing
- Indusium
- membranous growth of the epidermis of a fern leaf that covers a sorus
- Vascular plants
- plants with specialized cells for moving water and nutrients thoughout the plant
- Rhodophyta
- 4th division of algae, Red, primarily marine warm water, all three body types, no flagella, chlorophyll A, cartenoids, phycobilins
- Rhodophyta - LM
- Red branches with dark red double or hexagonal pattern line down branch center surrounded by single tan cells, highly branched leaf, thin branches
- Developments in vascular plants
- Vascular tissue, subterranean root system (absorbs water and nutrients), aerial shoot system (where photosynthesis occurs)
- Parenchyma
- Most abundant cell type, found in all major parts of higher plants, living at maturity, used for food or water storage, can divide if they are mature which is vital in repairing damaged tissue
- Pterophyta, ferns
- largest and most diverse group of seedless vasculars, large compound megaphylls, extensive rhizome system, homosporous except for water ferns
- Psilophyta, whisk ferns
- vascular, no true roots or leaves, sporophyte is aerial shoot system and rhizomes, enations, homosporous, sporangium occur along stems, gametophyte is independent and grows underground
- Embryophyte
- Group with reproductive organs protected by sterile jacket cells
- Megaspore
- haploid spore that develops into female gametophyte
- Strobilis
- a cone consisting of sporophylls borne close togethr on a main stem
- Pyrrophyta
- 2nd division of algae, dinoflagellates are unicellular, primarily marine, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll C, cartenoids, 2 flagella uneven in size,girdle, Monera
- Dermal tissue
- Epidermis and periderm, can be specialized depending what its covering,
- Elater
- An elongated, spindle shaped sterile cell in the sporangium or a liverwort sporophyte
- Artificial division of vascular plants
- Seedless vascular plants (lower vascular plants) and seed plants
- Filamentous
- Single cells that form long visible chains
- Sclereids
- Randomly distributed, shorter and thicker, called stone cells, strengthen plant tissue, grit in pears
- Peristome
- In mosses, a fringe of teeth around the opening of the sporangium
- Homospory
- Develop spores of one size
- Sporophyll
- modified leaf or leaflike organ that bears sporangia
- Sporangium
- Hollow unicellular or multicellular structure in which meiosis occurs and haploid spores develop
- Plant Life Cycle
- Zygote, Sporophyte, mother spore cells, meiosis, spores, mitotic division, gametophyte, specialization, gametes, fertilization
- Characteristics of Lower vascular plants
- homosporous, life cycles are similar, sporophyte is dominant and free living, gametophyte of homosporous are bisexual and independent, gametophyte of heterosporous are reduced in size and dependent on sporophyte, have motile sperm and need water, occur in moist habitats
- Xylem
- Transports water and minerals, dead at maturity, tracheids and vessel members,
- Protonema
- Early stages of germinating moss spores
- Branched
- Type of body, branching network of cells
- Aapical Meristems
- Tips of roots and shoots, verticle growth, makes primary growth protoderm, ground meristem and procambium,
- Periderm
- Bark, replaces the epidermis and protects the plant from pathogens, consists of cork cells, prevents excessive water loss and provides insulation for plants
- thallus
- Type of plant body that is undifferentiated into root, stem or leaf
- Four Plant Tissues
- Dermal, Vascular, Ground, Meristematic
- Bryophyta Classes
- Andreaopodia (granite mosses), Bryopsida (true mosses), Sphagnopsida (Peat mosses)
- Thallus
- Type of body, undifferentiated mass of cells
- Plastid
- Organelle where photosynthesis occurs
- Fillamentous
- Type of body, lines of cells
- Fibers
- Much longer than they are wide, have a very tiny cavity in the center of the cell, manufacture ropes, string, etc.
- Bacillariophyta - LM
- Real clumpy, spread out, lt to med brown, more solid dots, occasional string
- Operculum
- In mosses, lid of the sporangium
- Antheridium
- Multicellular male gametangium of plants other than seed plants
- Kelp, Laminaria - LM
- Brown and tan mass, undifferentiated cells, to close to seperate, tan and big leaves with rooted ends
- Division of seedless vascular plants
- Psilophyta, lycophyta, spenophyta, pterophyta
- Cyanobacteria
- 3rd division of algae, bacteria, prokaryote
- Bacillariophyta
- First division of algae, Diatoms are unicellular, silica, two halves, primarily freshwater, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll C, cartenoids, Monera