Biology Ch. 14-flower reproduction system
Terms
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- 2 types of seed plants
- gymnosperms and angiosperms
- gymnosperms
-
(means naked seed)-development of seeds at surface of reproductive structure-reproduction takes place in cones which are produced by mature plant
confiers--->cones ex. pine - angiosperms
- flowering plants-reproduction takes place within protective structures of the flower
- pedicel
- flower stem
- receptacle
- enlarged end of the pedicel that supports the remainder of the flower
- sepals
- leaflike strcutres that protect the bud before it opens
- calyx
- a complete circle of sepals
- petals
- usually colorful to attract insects and animals for pollination: surround the reproductive organs
- stamen
- the male reproductive organs of flowers: made up of anther and filament
- anther
- top of the stamen: where cells undergo meiosis, producing haploid (monoploid) male gametophytes-pollen grains
- filament
- long, thin stalk that supports the anther-elevates anther for increase in insect interaction or wind dispersal
- pistil (aka carpel)
- female reproductive organs of flowers: produces the female gametophytes; 3 parts: stigma, style, and ovary
- stigma
- top of the pistil- has a sticky surface to collect pollen grains
- style
- support stalk of the stigma and a conducting tube--connects stigma and ovary
- ovary
- bottom of pistil-contains the ouvle-develps into a fruit
- ovules
- inside the ovary-where the female gametophytes are produced by meiosis
- pollination definition
- the tranfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
- self-pollination
-
a) from the anther to the stigma of the same flower
b) from the anther to the stigma of a different flower on the same plant - cross-pollination
- from the anther to the stigma of a flower on a different plant
- whats the plus of cross-pollination and the minus of self-pollination?
-
cross-pollination=increases genetic make-up
self-pollination=limits genetic make-up - artificial pollination
- pollination with human interaction
- what are ways of transporting pollen?
- wind, water, insects, and animals (ex. birds and bats)
- what are flowers ways of attracting things to it for pollination???
-
1) petals
2) nectars
3) fragrances (ex. good smells, bad smells-flies) - nectar
- a sugary solution
- explain the process of fertilization
-
1) pollen grain sticks to the stigma
2)pollen grain splits open and begins to grow a pollen tube which reaches the ovary
3)Sperm nucleus produces two haplod sperm
4) One fertilizes the egg, producing a diploid zygote
5) One joins with 2 polar nuclei at the cells center producing endosperm - endosperm
- developed by mitosis and will be used as food by the embryo
- zygote in a plant
- seed
-
1. what does the ovule develop into?
2. what does the ovary develop into? -
1. seed
2. fruit - what are the two functions of fruit??
-
1) fruits protect the seed
2) fruits assist in seed dispersal - simple fruit
-
has a single ovary
ex. cherries, tomatoes - aggregate fruit
- several ovaries in 1 flower-strawberries
- multiplez fruit
- many flowers, form 1 fruit- ex. pineapple
- cotyledon
- seed leaf/may store food taken from the endosperm-contains nutrients for the developing plant embryo
- monocot
- 1 cotyledon
- dicots
- 2 cotyleden
- epicotyl
- becomes the upper portion of the stem and the leaves
- hypocotyl
- becomes the lower portion of the plant (along with the RADICIE) producing roots
- explain the life cycle of angiosperms
-
1) the anther undergoes meoiosis and produces four haploid spore cells-become a single pollen grain
2) the pollen grain undergoes one mitotic division to produce two haplod nuclei
3) the pollen grain is released from the anther and deposited on a stigma
4) a single diploid cell in the ovary goes through meiosis to produce four haploid cells, three of which disintergrate.
5) the remaining cell undergoes mitosis to produce eight nuclei-the embryo sac
6) if fertilization takes place, the egg nucleus will develop into a zygote - embryo sac
- eight nuclei from a mitotic divison and the surrounding membrane-the embryo sac is the female gametophyte of a flowering plant
- double fertilization
- the fertilization iin angiosperms because two fertilization events take place between male and female gametophytes
- what are seeds dispersed by animals like?
- they are usually contained in fleshy, nutritious fruit which provides nutrients for the animal and also helps the pplant to disperse its seeds
- what are seeds dispersed by wind or water like?
- they are typically lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the air or to float on the surface of the water.
- dormancy
- seed dormancy is when seeds will not grow when they first mature. they enter a period of dormancy during which the embryo is alive but not growing. the length of dormancy varies in different plants
- what environmental factors can cause dormancy to end?
- temperature and moisture
- what are three environmental facors needed for a seed to germinate?
-
1) oxygen
2) sufficient moisture
3) good temperatures - what are ways that seed dormancy is adaptive?
-
1) it can allow for long-distance dispersal ex. coconuts
2) it allows seeds to germinate under ideal growth conditions - seed germination
- the early growth state of the plant embryo-when the seed begins to grow
- why do seeds absorb water when they germinate?
- the water causes the endosperm to swell, cracking open the seed coat. Through the cracked seed coat, the young root emerges and begins to grow.
- vegetative reproduction
- the production of new plants from horizontal stems, from plantlets, and from underground roots
- plant propagation
- using cuttings, grafting, or budding to make many identical copies of a plant or to produce offspring from a seedless plant
- cuttings
- cutting a piece of a plant off and growing a new one
- grafting
- stems are cut off of plants, are attached to a new plant, and are grown