Angiosperms
Terms
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- Major Angiosperm Clades
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Basal Families (pollen usually monocolpate)
Magnoliid Complex
Monocots
Eudicots - Primitive Agiosperm Clades
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Basal Families>>>>earliest flowering plants
ex:amborellaceae, nymphaeceae, illicieae
Magnoliid Complex
ex:Magnoliaceae (magnolias)
Lauraceae (cinamon)
Piperaceae (black pepper) - Monocots
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monocolpate pollen
floral parts in 3's
leaf ventaion is parallel
one cotelydon in embryo
stems w/ scattered vasc. bundles & no secondary growth. - Monocot Families
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1-Liliaceae (lilies)
2-Zingiberaceae (gingers)
3-Dioscoreaceae (yams)
4-Arecaceae (palms, coconut)
5-Poaceae (grasses)
6-Orchidaceae (orchids) - Eudicots
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Tricolpate pollen
floral parts in 4's and 5's
leaf venation is reticulate and netlike
2 cotyledons
vasc. bundles in circ. pattern with secondary growth
first root>>>taproots system - Eudicots Families
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1-Ranunculaceae (basal eudicot family>>buttercups)
2-Papveraceae (opium poppy)
3-Cayophyllaceae (carnations)
4-Vitaceae (grapes)
5-Fabaceae (beans)
6-Brassicae (cabbage) -
Flower Parts:
1-pedicel
2-recepticle
3-sepals
4-petals
5-stamens
6-carpels -
1-flower stalk
2-part of pedicel where flowers are attached.
3-outer green leaves
4-lrg clrfl to attrct pllntrs
5-male
6-female -
Floral Appendages:
1-sepals
2-petals
3-sepals and petals 2gthr -
1-calyx
2-corrolla
3-perianth -
More Flrl appendeges:
1-stamen - 1-a microsporophyll that consists of a filament, 4 chambered anther (each chamber is a microsporangium). All anther chambers are lined with tapetum which suplies nutrnts to the grwing pollen grains.
- Angio Repro.
- haploid microspores are borne out of meiosis of the diploid microsporocytes inside the anther. these microspores undergo one mitotic division, the resulting 2 cells are a generative cell and a vegatative cell, these 2 mature into the single pollen grain.
- microgametophyte
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pollen
composed of 3 cells. A vegatative cell, and 2 sperm cells. - Carpels
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megasporophylls (female). collectively called the gynoecium or pistil. Divided into 3 parts:
1-stigma (receives pollen)
2-style (plln grws dwn thru this)
3-ovary (contains ovules[meiosis occurs here] which are located in the locules{#of these=#ofcarpels} that develp into seeds) - Female gametophyte production in ovary
- each megasporanigium cntns one megasporocyte. The diploid megasporocyte in the ovule undergoes meiosis to form 4 nuclei (3 die). The remainin one is the megaspore. This megaspore undergoes mitosis to form 8 haploid nuclei but only 7 cells. 3 are the antipodal cells, one is the egg cell flanked by 2 synergid cells and the last cell is the polar nuclei, which has 2 nuclei in one shared cytoplasm.
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Flower types
1-complete
2-incomplete
3-perfect
4-imperfect -
1-have carpel, anther, sepals and petals
2-lack one of these 4 things
3-bisexual and hermaphroditic
4-unisexual -
plant types
1-monoecious
2-dioecious -
1-have male and female unisexual flowers on the same plant
2-have male and female unisexual flowers on diff. plants - Wind pollnated flwrs
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often unisex flwrs
in N or S temperate regions w/ deciduous frsts.
release pollen early in the spring. - Rewards for pollinators
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1-nectar
2-protein rich pollen grains
3-site for repro. for the pllntr
4-shelter - floral characteristics to enhance pollination
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1-landing strctrs
2-nectar guides
3-nectar spurs
4-mimicry/psedocopulation -
ways Flwrs enhance pllnation
1-Inflorescence - many flowers clustered 2geter>>more visible and more fragrant to attrct mre pllnatrs.
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Types of Inflorescence
1-panicle
2-raceme
3-umbel -
1-main axis has branches w/ flwrs on branches
2-single main axis stalk w/ flwrs attached along stalk
3-all flower stalks come from one point - Strategies to prevent self-fert
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-stamens and stigma diff height on same flwr
-stamens and stigma mature at diff times
-diocious>>unisex flowers on separate plants.
-self-incompatability
-ability to reject own