Biology Practical
Terms
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- External Nares
- nostrils
- Dorsal
- back
- Ventral
- underside
- umbilical cord
- attaches the fetus to a placenta in the wall of the sow's uterus
- umbilical vein
- blue, carries nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus
- umbilical artery
- red, carries waste products and carbon dioxide away from the fetus
- anus
- posterior opening of the digestive tract
- genital papilla
- in female pig, small fleshy projection near anus
- urogenital opening
- where genital papilla protrudes from in female pigs, found just behind umbilical cord in male pigs
- posterior
- behind
- caudal
- behind
- scrotum
- contains the testes
- buccal cavity
- in mouth of pig
- hard palate
- ridges on roof of pig's mouth
- soft palate
- behind hard palate, not supported by bone
- epiglottis
- fleshy piece of tissue extending up into the opening behind the palate deep in the pig's throat
- glottis
- opening within the epiglottis
- anterior
- front
- diaphragm
- thin sheet of muscle separating the anterior thoracic cavity from the more posterior abdominal cavity
- heart
- in mammals, divided into 4 chambers
- right atrium
- blood enters from anterior and posterior vena cava, pumps to right ventricle
- right ventricle
- blood is pumped into this from right atrium, this pumps blood out through the pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary
- takes blood to lungs to be oxygenated
- left atrium
- returning blood enters this from lungs
- left ventricle
- left atrium pumps blood into this, and it pumps blood out of heart
- aortic arch
- outside of heart where blood is pumped
- inferior vena cava
- drains blood from the lower part of the body
- superior vena cava
- brings returning blood from the arms and head
- brachiocephalic artery
- artery closest to heart carrying blood to the cartoid arteries leading to the head and to the arteries of the right arm and shoulder
- left subclavian artery
- arises from aorta, carries blood to the left arm and shoulder
- iliac arteries
- what aorta splits into, 2 of them carry blood to posterior legs
- foramen ovale
- opening in the wall between the 2 ventricles, in fetuses only
- ductus arteriosus
- blood which is pumped from the right ventricle out the pulmonary trunk is diverted to the aortic arch through this
- lungs
- fill thoracic cavity, divided into 7 lobes (4 right/3 left)
- larynx
- voice box
- thymus gland
- large mass of glandular tissue which lies along the trachea
- thyroid gland
- found posterior to larynx
- bronchus
- where air passes through after trachea, 2 lead into the left and right lungs
- bronchiole
- smaller and smaller branches of bronchi in the lobes of the lungs
- alveoli
- ultimate ending of bronchi, minute termincal sacs, where gases are exchanged with the blood
- liver
- largest organ of the body, liges along the diaphragm and fills the anterior third of the cavity
- functions of liver
- stores carbs, converts proteins to carbs and fats, detoxifies blood, destroys old red blood cells, secretes bile
- gall bladder
- small green sac which may be found buried in the liver between two of the right lobes
- function of gall bladder
- where bile is stored
- stomach
- under liver
- spleen
- dark red, tonguelike, under stomach
- function of spleen
- storage organ for red blood cells
- esophagus
- what the cardiac region receives food from
- fundus
- rounded part of the stomach, primary digestive area of the stomach
- pyloric sphincter
- muscle that regulates the passage of material out of the stomach into the small intestine
- pyloric region
- posteriormost part of the stomach
- small intestine
- has 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
- duodenum
- part of small intestine, pancreas supports it
- pancreas
- supports duodenum
- function of pancreas
- produces many enzymes responsible for the digestion of nearly all foodstuffs, secretes insulin and glucagon, controls carb metabolism
- jejunum
- part of small intestine
- Ileum
- part of small intestine
- colon
- greater part of large intestine, absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
- caecum
- blind pouch of small intestine located near its junction with the large intestine
- large intestine
- stores feces
- rectum
- short, straight, terminal part of intestine where feces is stored
- kidney
- bean-shaped, partially embedded in the dorsal body wall along spine, part of excretory system
- ureter
- small tube from kidney that carries urine to urinary bladder
- urinary bladder
- where urine is stored for a short time
- cortex
- outer most layer of kidney
- medulla
- more central portion of kidney
- nephron
- kidney is composed of these
- glomerulus
- part of nephron located in the cortex of kidney
- loop of Henle
- part of nephron located in the medulla of kidney
- renal papilla
- project into the renal pelvis
- renal pelvis
- opens into the ureter
- urethra
- in males, short structure at the base of the urinary bladder, 2 thin tubes enter
- vas deferens
- in males, part of urethra
- prostate gland
- in males, contribute to production of seminal fluids involved with production of sperm, embedded in seminal vesicles
- inguinal canal
- in males, opening that vas deferens pass through
- epididymis
- in males, coiled tubular mass wrapped around the oval testis, stores sperm
- testis
- in males, where sperm are produced
- penis
- in males, at posterior end of the body, passes deeply through muscle tissue and turns anteriorly clost to rectum
- bulbourethral glands
- in males, 2, one on each side, opens into the urethra
- ovaries
- in females, small, beanlike, posterior to kidneys
- cervix
- in femalesjunction of uters and vagina
- urogenital sinus
- in females, formed by urethra joining posterior end fo the vagina
- mycelium
- body of fungal groups usually composed of filaments called hyphae
- hypha
- filaments that compose myclium
- coenocytic
- adjoining cell walls are lost and the cytoplasm flows unobstructed through the hypha
- spores
- cells produced in sporangium
- Dictyostelida
- example of cellular slime mold (K-protista, P-Acrasiomycota)
- plasmodium
- large unicells of multinucleate protoplasm, what myxomycotes form
- cytoplasmic streaming
- constantly flowing cytoplasm within the plasmodium, allows nutrients and metabolic products to be transported throughout the unicellular mass
- oomycota
- phylum from kingdom protista, egg fungi and water molds
- oogonia
- large round structures in protists found in oomycota phylum
- anteridia
- produce sperm in males
- oospore
- zygotes that are fertilized eggs in the oogoina
- zoospores
- flagellated zygotes
- zygomycota
- fungal division, zygospore forming fungi, bread molds
- stolon
- hyphal filament growing along the substrate
- sporangiophores
- arise along the stolons, anchored into the substrate by rhizoids
- rhizoid
- anchors sporangiophores
- sporangium
- tip of sporangiophore that produces haploid spores as a mode of sexual reproduction
- gametangia
- grow toward one another when two strains of hyphae are mating filled with haploid nuclei
- gametangiophores
- fuse together when two strains of hyphae are mating
- zygospore
- where the haploid nuclei within the gametangiophores fuse to produce a single diploid zygote
- ascomycota
- fungi division, sac fungi
- cytoplasmic bridge
- forms between two gametangia and nuclei from one side migrate to the other
- dikaryon
- N + N chromosomal arrangement
- ascus
- what sac fungi are characterized by, reproductive sac
- ascospores
- 8 are found in each ascus, haploid
- basidiomycota
- fungal division, club fungi
- stalk
- stem of mushroom
- cap
- top of mushroom
- annulus
- ring below the cap of a mushroom
- basidiocarp
- fruiting body of basidiomycetes, made up of dikaryotic hyphae
- basidia
- reproductive structures located on the margins of the gill structures on the lower surface of the mushroom cap
- basidiospore
- 4 bud off of the basidium and will grow into a new haploid hyphal filament
- conidiophores
- holds haploid spores of conidia
- conidia
- haploid spores borne on conidiophores
- mycorrhizae
- fungi that form associations with the roots of vascular plants, mutual
- lichen
- symbiotic or commensal relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism
- chlorophyta
- division of kingdom protista, green algae
- chlorophyll
- primary photosynthetic pigment, green
- starch
- how carbs are stored in plants
- cellulose
- what a cell wall in plants is composed of
- chloroplast
- site of photosynthesis in green plants
- daughter colonies
- small, seen within the parent colony
- pyrenoids
- site of starch storage within the chloroplast
- cell walls
- separate cells
- conjugation tube
- forms between two nearby filaments during sexual reproduction of spirogyra
- conjugation
- sexual reproduction that spirogyra undergoes
- zygote
- when two nuclei fuse they form this
- alternation of generations
- succession between a haploid and a diploid condition, revolution between a gametophyte and a sporophyte
- haploid
- 1N plants, called gametophytes
- gametophytes
- 1N plants, produce gametes
- gametes
- haploid sex cells
- archegonia
- specialized organ that produces haploid eggs
- antheridia
- specialized organ that produces haploid sperm
- egg
- haploid sex cell produced by archegonia
- sperm
- haploid sex cell produced by antheridia
- syngamy
- represents the transition to the diploid generation
- diploid
- 2N generation, plant is referred to as a sporophyte because it produces spores
- sporophyte
- diploid plant that produces spores
- meiosis
- what sporangia undergoresulting in haploid spores, shift from sporophyte to gametophyte
- heterosporous
- spores develop develop into different unisexual gametophytes, either male or female
- homosporous
- spores develop into gametophytes with both male and female sex organes
- bryophyta
- division of plantae kingdom, mosses and liverworts
- dioecious
- separate male and female plants bearing sexual reproductive organs within the tip of the plant thallus
- antheridiophores
- flower looking structures that grow above the flat leafy body of the gametophyte that antheridia are born on
- archegoniophores
- palm tree looking structures that grow above the flat leafy body of the gametophyte that archegonia are born on
- gemmae
- how liverworts reproduce sexually by means of these small discs of vegetative cells
- gemmae cups
- grow on the upper surface of the liverwort thallus, what gemmae develop into through mitosis
- xylem
- conduct water and dissolved minerals, chiefly from the roots up into the stem, branches and leaves
- vessels
- cells that make up functional xylem, dead and consist only of empty cell walls left from living cells
- phloem
- vascular tissue that transports the photosynthate, product of photosynthesis
- sieve tube cells
- cells that make up the phloem tissue, living but lack nucleus
- companion cells
- directs metabolic activity of sieve tube cells that are adjacent and nucleated
- rhizome
- lateral stem underground that is absorptive, form of root
- lycophyta
- division of kingdom plantae, club mosses and quillworts
- true roots
- contain vascular tissues
- microphyll
- club moss leaf, typically small with a single, unbranching trace of vascular tissue arising from the stem and invading the leaf
- megaphylls
- leaves with extensively branching vascular tissue, found in more advanced plants
- strobili
- cluster of sprophylls bearing sporangia positioned laterally on the stem
- nodes
- joints on stems
- internode
- region between nodes on leaves where lateral, jointed branches arise
- vegetative shoot
- infertile type that arises from a perennial underground rhizome
- pterophyta
- division of plantae, true ferns
- fronds
- large, megaphyll leaves that arise from small, underground rhizomes in ferns
- roots
- project from underground stems and absorb water and needed minerals from the soil
- sorus
- reproductive clusters of sporangia formed on the undersurface of fern fronds
- indusium
- flap of tissue protecting the sporangia in ferns
- prothallus
- free-living gametohyte that fern grows into, has a short life span with no conducting tissues and small stature
- seed
- plant embryo, mature ovule
- megagametophyte
- female haploid generation
- microgametophyte
- male haploid generation
- pollen
- what microgametophytes are reduced to, composed of only three or four cells, male gametophyte
- cycadophyta
- division of plantae, cycads
- ginkgophyta
- division of plantae, ginkgo
- spur shoots
- arise off of the longs shoots comprising the main stem and branches, bliobed fan-shaped leaves and fruits are borne on these
- coniferophyta
- division of plantae, conifers
- monoecious
- reproduction in conifers has only spores
- staminate cones
- male cones that are higher up on the tree than the ovulate cones
- ovulate cones
- female cones that are lower on the tree than the staminate cones
- microsporangium
- large structures seen making up the bulk of the staminate cone
- microsporophyll
- microsporangia are suspended from the undersurface of these
- nucellus
- diploid nutritive tissue within the integument and surrounding the female gametophyte
- anthophyta
- divisio of plantae
- flower
- made up of a series of closely associated elembents, collecting into whorls, homologous to a shoot bering fertile and non-fertile appendages, that has been condensed and specialized
- calyx
- outer non-reproductive portion of the flower, made up of a whorl of sepals
- corolla
- inner non-reproductive portion of the flower, made up of petals
- stamen
- male part of a flower, surround central pistil, consist of anther on the tip of a filament
- pistil
- female part of a flower, composed of stigma, style, and ovary
- anther
- on the tip of a filament, part of the stamen, filled with pollen, where microsporogenesis occurs
- microsporogenesis
- meiotic divisions that produce pollen
- carpel
- individual segments of an ovary which are fused together
- megaspore mother cell
- large diploid cell in the center of an ovule in a flower, develops into an embryo sac
- embryo sac
- female megagametophyte that is surrounded by two integuments and is what the megaspore mother cell develops into, primarily haploid
- micropyle
- opening between the integuments that surround the embryo sac of a flower
- megaspores
- embyro sac undegoes a meiotic cell division, resulting in a single cell with 4 haploid of these
- antipodal
- 3 of the 4 triploid nuclei form these nuclei
- polar
- 1 of the 4 triploid nuclei form this nucleus
- synergids
- 2 are produced from the remaining haploid nucleus from initial meiotic division which undergoes two rounds of mitotic cell divsions, near the micropyle
- double fertilization
- sexual reproduction where pollen grains are released, carried to stigma, creates a pollen tube and releases 2 sperm nuclei to have 2 fertilization events
- stigma
- site of pollination
- pollination
- pollen is deposited on teh pistil
- pollen tube
- grows down through the style of flower when pollen grain germinates, has 3 nuclei, grows into the ovary to an ovule
- pollen tube nucleus
- directs the metabolic activities of the tube
- endosperm
- nutritive tissue utilized by the growing embryo, formed by the pentaploid nucleus
- ray flower
- outer-most, have retained a few petals
- disc flowers
- within the head, have no petals
- composites
- plants with clusters of modified flowers
- monocotyledones
- monocots, single seed leaf, petals in multiples of 3 (trimerous), parallel venation, tissue in scattered vascular bundles, adventitious roots (bunches, fine)
- cotyledon
- seed leaf
- dicotyledones
- dicots, 2 seed leaves, petals in multiples of 4(tetramerous) or 5 (pentamerous), reticulate venation, tissue in rings around stem, primary roots (one main root)
- parenchyma
- basic ground cell of plants, make up the bulk of the plant body
- schlerenchyma
- thick-walled cells important in support
- collenchyma
- modified form of parenchyma specialized for supprt in young plant organs
- apical meristem
- sites of active cell division
- vascular cambium
- only a single-cell layer thick, between xylem and phloem
- cork cambium
- formation causes lateral growth, located in the cortex outside of the phloem tissue
- axillary bud
- at the base of the leaves, small
- root cap
- covers the tip of the root, layer of cells which protect the apical meristem as it grows through the soil
- lenticels
- numerous scatterings in the bark allowing gas exchange with the underlying vascular tissues
- pith
- very large, thin-walled cells making up the bulk of the center of the stem
- vascular bundles
- where conducting tissues are found, arranged in a circular pattern around the periphery of the stem
- periderm
- outside of phloem, in position of epidermis which is lost during secondary growth, composed of phellogen
- phellogen
- cork cambium, meristematic tissue which produces phelloderm parenchymal cells toward the inside and phellum cells to the outside
- phelloderm
- cells toward the inside
- phellum
- cork, toward the outside
- cuticle
- thin covering on the upper epidermis that helps prevent water oss from the leaf surface
- palisade mesophyll
- elongated cells under the upper epidermis, primary site of photosynthetic activity within the leaf
- compound leaves
- composed of a number of leaflets
- palmate leaves
- vascular veins are arranged like fingers radiating rom the palm of your hand
- pinnate leaves
- vascular veins are arranged like the filaments of a bird feather
- stele
- vascular cylinder of the root
- casparian strip
- waxy covering where junctions between cells of the outermost layer of the stele and the endodermis are sealed, prevents water from passing around the cell
- pericycle
- just inside the endodermis, layer of cells responsible for the formation of lateral roots
- root hairs
- covers root, structures that significantly increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of water and minerals