Nutrition Vocab Chp 1
Terms
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- Nutrition
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⬢ Science of foods/nutrs they contain
⬢ Actions: ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, metab, excretion
⬢ Also SEC and psychological effects of food - Digestion
- • Food broken ↓ into absorbable units
- Absorption
- ⬢ Intake of nutrients by cells of SI for transport into blood or lymph
- Metabolism
- ⬢ Total of all chem. rxns in cells, how obtain/spread E from food
- Nutrients
- • Chem. subs from food, used for E, structure, regulating agents to ïƒ growth, maintenance/repair, ↓ risk of diseases
- Essential nutrients
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• Nutrients must have b/c body can’t make enough
• Also called indispensable nutrients
• About 40 - Risk factor
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⬢ Possibility,
⬢ How MANY rfs = important
⬢ 50% rfs=genetics - Protein
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⬢ 4 cal/g
⬢ Build muscle
⬢ Meat, eggs, nuts
⬢ Essential/non
⬢ organic - Carbohydrate
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⬢ Energy, sugars
⬢ 4 cal/g
⬢ Bread, fruits
⬢ organic - Lipid
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⬢ includes tryglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
⬢ insoluble in water - Vitamins
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⬢ Organic
⬢ Required in small amts - Minerals
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• Inorganic – no carbon
• Will not dissolve - Water
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⬢ Inorganic
⬢ Essential for life - Pytochemicals
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• Plants
• Can ↓ cancer, heart disease - Kilocalorie
- • Amt needed to ↑ 1 kg of water 1 degree celcius
- Energy
- ⬢ Capacity to do work
- Dietary fiber
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⬢ From plants
⬢ Not digestable by humans
⬢ Include cellulose, hemicelluoses, pectins, gums, mucilages, and nonpolysaccharides lignins cutins and tannins - Glucose
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• A monosaccharide, sometimes known as dextrose
• Known as “blood sugarâ€
• essential E source - Starch
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⬢ plant polysacc composed of glucose
⬢ most of glucose supply
⬢ available carbs
⬢ storage forms of glucose E for humans - Triglyceride
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⬢ main form of fat
⬢ major storage form of fat in body
⬢ composed of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached
⬢ called call triacyglycerols - Fat
- ⬢ lipids that are solid at room temp --- BRICK
- Oil
- ⬢ lipids that are (l) at room temp
- Unsaturated fat
- ⬢ has triglycerides in which most of fatty acids are unsaturated
- Amount of protein commonly eaten
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⬢ usually ppl eat more than enough
⬢ .8 g/kg of body weight
o 5-175 g, or 200-700 cal - % of H20 in body
- ⬢ 76%
- Uses for water
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⬢ Metabolism, transport, waste products
⬢ Essential for life
⬢ Keeps body temp
⬢ Dehydration: common in elderly (lose thirst buds) and infants (cant talk) - Calories from alcohol
- ⬢ 7 cal/g
- Uses for E
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⬢ Metabolism
⬢ Quiet thought to vigorous activity
⬢ Storage - Calculating percent of calories from a nutrient
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16 g carbs X 4cal/g = 64
7 g ptein X 4 cal/g = 28 cal8 g fat X 9 cal/g = 81 c
173 cal ----
l81 cal of fat÷173 cal = .47
.47X 100= 47% - DRI
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⬢ A set of values for healthy people
o Includes EAR, RDA, AI, UL - RDA
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• Recommended dietary amount
• For individs
• Deficiency disease
• 95% of pop
• RDA=EAR for E
• RDA and AI never = for same nutrient
• Average daily amt that’s considered adequate for healthy person - EAR
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⬢ For 50% of pop
⬢ Avg amt that sufficient
⬢ Groups: school, military
⬢ Basic Basic basic - AI
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⬢ Adequate intake
⬢ For some nutrients, not enough uses AI instead of RDA
⬢ Relies on scientific judgement, not evid - TUL
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⬢ Tolerable Intake Levels
⬢ - effects
⬢ Only from pills, not food - Vitamin E
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• RDA 11-15 mg/day
• Antioxidant
• Comes from oils – salad dressing, margarine
• Rare to have deficiency - Nutritional Assessment
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⬢ Historical info
⬢ Anthropometric
o Height/weight, body fat
o Compare to others
⬢ Clinical tests
o Usually phys symptoms befote
o Blood/urine, nails - Common causes of death
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1. Herat disease
2. cancer
3. stroke
4. (6) diabetes - What makes good research?
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1. lots #’s
2. isolate variables
a. control everything else
b. should prevent random events
Hypotheses
Experiments
Theory
Double blind study
Control group
Placebo - Types of Research
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Epidemiological • narrow down list of possible causes
• raise questions • can’t control variables
• no cause/effect
Lab based studies • control
• determine effects of variable BUTTTTTT animals no = humans
• no outcome
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Human intervent/clinical trials • Control
• Apply findings to some individs
• Placebo effect
• Double blind procedure (ADHD) •
BUTTTTTTT
Cant generalize to all humans
• Ethics (babies) - Correlation studies
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⬢ NOT cause/effect
⬢ Phenomena
⬢ Point to possible causes - Research v Rumor
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• Vitamin E and scar – didn’t have control
• Vitamins/mins work inside cell not on top of skin
• Sample of 1 proves nothing - R.D.
- ⬢ College ed food/nut specialist, evaluates ppls nut health needs