Nutrition
Terms
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- What does the science of nutrition study?
- -the interactions that occur between living organisms and food
- What is an essential nutrient?
- -must be added to the diet because body does not make it
- Six classes of nutrients and which provide energy?
- -Carbohydrate, lipids, and proteins provide energy -water, vitamins and minerals
- Three functions provided by nutrients
- -providing energy: carbs, lipid, proteins -forming structures: protein, minerals -regulating body processes: proteins, lipid, carb, water, vitamins, minerals
- Three ways in which what you eat today can affect your health
- -malnutrition: energy or nutrient intake below or above suggested -undernutrition -overnutrition
- Three factors (other than biological need) that influence what we eat.
- -availability -cultural and family background -social acceptability -personal preference -psychological and emotional
- Why is it important to choose a variety of food?
- -ensures an adequate nutrient intake bc not one food can provide all of it -interactions between different foods and nutrients -avoids excess of natural toxins or residues
- How does moderation help maintain a healthy weight?
- -not consuming too much energy, fat, sugar, salt, alcholoc -watching portions and passing up super sizes -easier to valance your diet and allow a greter variety of food
- Steps of Scientific Method
- 1) Observation and ask questions 2) Propose a hypothesis 3)Design Experiments-- if results do not prove hypothesis wrong, theory can be established
- What is a control group?
- -group of participants in an experiments that is identical to the experimental group except that not experimental treatement is used -used as basis of comparison
- What is a placebo?
- -fake medicine or supplement that is indistinguishable in appearance from real thing -used to disguise the control and experimental groups in experiment
- What is a double-blind study?
- -an experiment in which neither the study participants nr the researchers know who is in a control or an experimental group
- What type of information can be obtained using epidemiology?
- (study of interrelationships between health and disease in different populations) -identifies patterns in disease NOT CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS
- What factors should be considered when judging nutrition claims?
- -whether he info makes sense -came from reliable source -study was well done and accurately interpreted -who stands to benefit from claim -stood the test of time
- Chapter Two Review Questions
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- What is the smallest unit of plant and animal life?
- atoms
- Three organ systems involved in the digestions and absorption of food
- -gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, anus) -aided by secretion of mucus and enyzmes -regulated by nervous and hormonal signals
- How do teeth function in digestion?
- -breaks food into smaller pieces
- What is the peristalsis?
- -coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tracts
- What is segmentation?
- -rhythmic local constrictions of intestines that mix food with digestive juices and speed absorption by moving food mass over intestinal wall
- List two functions of the stomach
- 1) acts as temporary storage tank for food 2) mix food into semiliquid mass (chyme) and gastric juices begins protein digestion
- How is the movement of material through the digestive tract regulated?
- -stomach emptying regulated by amount and composition of food consumed and by nervous and hormonal signals from teh stomach and small intestine
- List three mechanisms by which nutrients are absorbed.
- -small intestine -bile from gallbladder -secretions from pancrease and liver are regulated by hormones secretin and CCK
- Where does most absorption occur?
- small intestine
- How does the structure of the small intestine aid absorption?
- -biocarbonate from the pancrease neutralizes stomach acid, and pancreatic and intestinal enzynmes digest cab, fat and protein
- What products of digestion are transported by the lymphatic system?
- triglycerides and fat-soluble vitamins
- What happens to material not absorbed in the small intestine?
- pass to the large intestine, some water and nutrients are absorbed
- How do the lungs and kidneys help eliminate metabolic waste products?
- waste products of metabolism are excreted by them
- What foods are good sources of unrefined carbohydrates?
- whole grains, fruits, veggies
- What is the basic unit of carbohydrate?
- contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Simple Carbs vs. Complex Carbs
- Simple: mono and disaccharides found in table sugar, honey, milk and fruit Complex: oligosaccharides, fiber, polysaccharides like glycogen (animals) and starch and fibers(plants)
- How much energy is provided by a gram of carbohydrates?
- 4 kcals
- How does fiber affect gastrointestinal health?
- makes stool softer and larger which reduces pressure needed to move material
- Name two functions of fat in foods
- add kcalories, texture, and flavor
- What is a lipid?
- organic compounds, dont dissolve in water -trigylcerides (most common)
- Saturated fat vs. monounsaturated fat vs polyunsatruated fat
- -SAT saturated with hydrogen atoms -UNSAT. contain carbon-carbon double bonds a)mono- 1 double bond b)poly-more than one double bond i.e. olive oil
- Hydrogenating something makes what kind of fat?
- trans
- How do HDLs differ from LDLs?
- HDL- made by liver, S.I. remove cholesterol from cells and transport it to liver (protects against heart disease) LDL-bring cholesterol to tissues (increase risk of heart disease) VLDL- synthesized by liver
- Secondary Structure
- Folding of a protein because of weak bonds that form between elements of the amino acid backbone (Not R-groups)
- Tertiary Structure
- Folding of a polypeptide chain because of interactions among the R-grougs of the amino acids
- Quaternary Structure
- the combining of polypeptide chains with other polypeptide chains in a protein
- Messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA)
- A form of RNA involved in gene transcription
- Transfer Ribonucleic Acid (tRNA)
- A form of RNA in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation
- Ribosome
- An organelle associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm, involved in gene translation
- Transcription
- The process by which mRNA is made using DNA as a template
- Translation
- The process by which amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes, using mRNA and tRNA
- Transamination
- The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to another organic compound to form a different amino acid
- Gluconeogenesis
- Synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
- Marasmus
- A form of PEM characterized by extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue
- Kwashiorkor
- A form of PEM often characterized by edema in the extremities (hands and feet)
- Urea
- A relatively nontoxic, nitrogen-containing compound that is produced from ammonia
- Vegetarian
- A person who does not consume any or selected foods and beverages made from animal products
- Vegan
- A type of vegetarian who consumes no animal products
- Lactovegetarian
- A type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products (but not eggs) in an otherwise plant-based diet
- Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
- A type of vegetarian who consumes dairy products and eggs in an otherwise plant-based diet