linguistics 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- w3
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Websters Third International Dictonary of the English Language
-controverisial words; banned from some schools - OED
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The Oxford English Dictionary
-called the greatest lexicographic work ever produced. - Noah Webster
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(2 volumes in 1828)
-worked w/ spelling and simplified it in America
-people will believe what is in writing - John Walker
- prescribed pronunciation in 1791.
- Dr. Samuel Johnson
- Wrote "Dictionary of the English Language" in 1755; first descriptive dictionary.
- Lexicon/Lexicography
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A speakers mental dictionary
the editing or making of a dictionary - Orthography
- the written form of a language; spelling
- morphology
- the study of the structure of words; includes the rules of word formation
- stephen Jay Gould
- biologist who believes language is an "all or nothing" system; has original properties.
- Norm Chomsky
- Harvard professor who believes there is already a grammar inside us all; a universal grammar that fits all languages.
- Charles Darwin
- "as the voice was used more and more the vocal organs would have been strenthened and perfected though the principle of the inherited effects of use."
- derivational morpheme
- morpheme added to a stem or root to form a new stem or word, possibly but not necessarily, resulting in a chne in syntactic category (e.g. -er)
- free morpheme bound
- a single morpheme that constitutes a word. Must be attached to other morphemes
- Morphemes
- smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function
- closed class
- rarely has new words added to it
- open class
- a category of words that commmonly adds new words
- grammatical categories
- traditionally called "parts of speech" (noun, verb, etc.)
- Functional Category
- a word that does not have clear lexical meaning but has a grammatical function, including conjunctions, prep., articles, quxiliaries, complementizers, and pronouns (closed class).
- Lixical category
- a general term for the word-level syntactic categories of noun, verb, adj. and adver; these are teh category of content words as oppesed to functional category words.
- content words
- the nouns, verbs, adj., and adverbs that constitute the major part of the vocabulary (0pen class)
- AHD
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American Heritage Dictionary
Had usage panel of respected people and they said what the appropriateness of teh word was (%) - tree diagram/ phrase structure tree
- a graphical representation of the linear and hierarchical structure of a phrase or sentence.
- structural ambiguity
- the phenomenon in which the same sequence of words has 2 or more meanings based on different phrase structure analyses
- ambiguity
- describes a word, phrase, or sentence with multiple meanings
- grammaticality
- describes a well-formed sequence of words, one conforming to the rules of syntax
- syntax
- the rules of sentence formation; the componenet of the mental grammar that represents speakers knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences
- 10 methods of word formation
- derivation, coinage, compounding, auronym, blending, backformation, abbreviating/dipping, eponyms/from names, borrowing, & conversion. (handout sheet).
- morphological analysis
- look for reccurring forms oand collect data; study log.
- monomorphemic word
- a word that consists of one morpheme
- huckles and ceives
- some morphemes have no meanig in isolation but acquire meaning only in combination with other specific morphemes
- roots
- the morpheme that remains when all affixes are stripped from a complex word
- affixes
- bound morpheme attched to a stem or root (prefix, suffix, infix, cricumfix, stem root)
- Inflectional morpheme
- bound grammatical morpheme that is affixed to a word according to rules of syntax
- antonyms
- words that are opposite
- retronyms
- an expression that would once have been redundant, but which societal or technologoical changes have made nonredundant
- metonyms
- a word substitued for another word or expression w/ which it is closely associated. i.e. hollywood.
- hyponyms
- common semantic features words whose meanings are specific instances of a more general word. I.e. red, yellow, blue are hyponyms of the word color.
- synonyms
- words with the same meaning
- homographs
- words spelled the same
- heteronyms
- different words spelled the same bu pronounced differently.
- homonyms
- words prounced and possibly spelled the same.
- lexical ambiguity
- multiple meanings of sentences due to words that have multiple meanings
- polysemais words
- describes a single word w/ several closely related but slightly different meanings. i.e. face is of a person, clock, building.
- count nouns
- nouns that can be numbered
- mass nouns
- nouns that cannot ordinarily be enumerated. i.e. milk, water, rice
- semantic features
- a notational device for expressing the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses.
- embedding
- a sentence that occurs within a sentence in a phrase structure tree
- semantic properties
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the componenets of meaning of a word.
i.e. "young" is a semantic prop. of baby, colt, puppy - semantics
- the study of the linguistic meaning of a word, morphemes, phrases, and sentences.
- idiom
- an expression that may be unrelated to the meaning of it's parts. I.e. kick the bucket=to die.
- anomaly
- a violation of semantic rules resulting in expressions that seem nonsensical.
- truth condition
- the circumstnaces that must be known to determine whether a sentece is true and therefore part of teh meaning.
- complementary pair, gradable pair, and relational opposites
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-related antonyms in such a way that the negation of one is the meaning of the other (dead/alive).
-more of one is less of the other(warm/cold).
(parent/child, teacher/pupil). - discourse anaylsis
- the study of a linguistic unit that comprises more than one sentence.
- pragmatics
- the study of how context and situation affect meaning
- metaphor
- nonliteral, suggestive meaning "is"
- Chapters 1-5
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exercises to practice
Ch. 3 #2,3,4
Ch. 4 #7
Ch. 5 #7 - deixis
- refers to words or expressions whose reference relies entirely on context and the orientation of the speaker in space and time.
- presuppositions
- implicit assumptions about the world required to make an utterance meaningful or appropriate.
- speech act
- the action or intent that a speaker accomplishes when using language in context, the meaning of which is inferred by hearers.
- maxims of conversation
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conversational convetions:
quantity, quality, relevance, manner - situational context
- knowledge of who is speaking, who is listening, what objects are being disclosed are used to aid in interpretation of meaning.
- arbitrariness of language
- the property of language, including sing language, wherby, there is no natural or intrinsic relationship between the way a word is prounced and it's meaning.
- universal grammar
- the innate principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.
- Bishop Robert Lowth
- Wrote " a short Intro. to English, Grammar with critical Notes" in 1762; prescribed a number of new rules for English (most besed on latin grammar) prestige dialect
- teaching grammar
- a set of language rules written to help speakers learn a foreign language of a different dialect.
- prescriptive grammar
- rules of grammar brought about by grammaions attempts to legislate what speakers' grammatical rules should be, rahter than what they are
- descriptive grammar
- a linguist's description or model of the mental grammar including the units, structures, and rules. An Explicit statement of what speakers know about their language.
- 3 theories of the origin of language
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1. language instict
2. complex brains, it's inevitable
3. step by step - autonamy of language
- language ability is biologically equipped from birth; does not derive from general human intellectual ability
- acquired dyslyexia
- loss of ability to read acorrectly following brain damge of persons who were previously literate
- jargon
- aphasia in whihc phonemes are substituted, resulting in nonsense words; often produced by people who have Wemicke's aphasia
- anomia
- a form of aphasia in which one has word finding difficulties
- Wernicke's Aphasia
- language disorder resulting from damage to the back part of the left hemisphere
- Broca's Aphasia
- agrammatism; language disorder resulting from damge to the fromnt part of the left hemisphere of the brain in which the patient has difficulty with aspects of syntax, expecially functional categories.
- localization
- hypothesis that different areas of the brain are responsible for distinct cognitive systems
- contralateral
- refers to stimuli that travel between one side of the body and the opposite cerebral hemisphere
- lateralization
- term used to refer to cognitive functions localized to one or the other side of the brain
- neurolinguistics
- branch of linguistics concerned with the brain mechanisms that underlie the acquisition and use of human language
- sign language
- used by deaf people in which linguuistic units such as morphemes and wors as well as grammatical relations are formed by manual movements.