Chapter 9 and 10
Terms
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- What was the Progressivism movement? What problems were they criticizing?
- The reform movement to address negative aspects of society created by the Industrial Revolution. Negative aspects ~ fraud and corruption in government, conditions in factories, lack of competition, dirty tenement houses, low wages, gap between rich and poor.
- What is a muckraker?
- People who published journals, articles, or books, to expose the social ills of society and to show the dirt, filth, and corruption that existed because of the Industrial Age.
- Jane Adams
- Helped start settlement houses to help Urban poor.
- Ida Tarbell
- Wrote a memoir on the History of Standard Oil. Criticized the unethical practices that big business owners/Robber Barons used (monopolies, trusts, bribes). Led to Sherman Antitrust Act.
- Jacob Riis
- Published a photographic journal titled "How the Other Half Lives". Showed the filthy and dirtiness of tenement houses, and how diseases spread easily.
- Upton Sinclair
- Wrote "The Jungle" a book about the meatpacking industries. Criticized the unsafe conditions and filth.
- Lincoln Steffens
- Wrote "Shame of the Cities" criticized the corruption in big business and government.
- What happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire? What impact did this have?
- Over 150 workers died in fire due to lack of fire safety. Unions started to push for reforms ~ fire exits, fire alarms, fire extinguishers ~ increased government regulation.
- 17th Amendment
- Direct election of U.S. Senators.
- Direct Primary
- Instead of state conventions nominating candidates for office, the voters would nominate them by direct popular vote in a primary election. (early elections before the general election in November).
- Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot)
- Privacy at the ballot box ensures that citizens can cast votes without party bosses knowing how they voted.
- Initiative
- Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.
- Referendum
- Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.
- Recall
- Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.
- 18th Amendment
- Ban on the making and distributing of alcohol.
- What impact did the 18th Amendment have?
- Moonshines and mafias.
- Women's Suffrage Movement
- Susan B. Anthony continued her campaign for the right to vote. Used civil disobedience to stage an arrest on voting day.
- What did the 19th Amendment do?
- Women were finally given the right to vote (suffrage) in all states. (now its federally acceptable)
- Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal
- The idea that each person deserves a fair shake and opportunity to succeed.
- Why was he called the Trust Buster?
- He filed lawsuits and investigations against monopolies. He forced big companies to shut down or break up into smaller parts.
- What did he do to the railroads?
- He forced railroads to set a maximum rate. (Same rates for everyone, no rebates or kickbacks)
- Elkins Act (1903)
- Strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission by providing punishment to railroad companies that granted rebates to favored customers.
- Hepburn Act (1906)
- Required railroads to obtain permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission before raising rates. It also strictly limited the free passes that railroads gave out to politicians and business owners.
- Meat Inspection Act
- Required Federal inspection of meat processing to ensure sanitary conditions.
- What did Roosevelt accomplish in Conservation?
- The Newlands Reclamation Act (1902): Provided money from the sale of desert lands in the West to finance irrigation projects. The Inland Waterways Act (1907) The study of the use of the nation's major rivers. Forest Reserve Act: Established 149 national forests.
- 16th Amendment
- Graduated Income Tax
- New Freedom
- Platform for economic reforms.
- Tariff Reductions
- The Underwood Tariff. Price of consumer goods decreased. The "special protection" that big businesses had for over 20 years was removed.
- The Federal Reserve Act
- Created a Federal Bank to regulate and fund banks to avoid collapse.
- The Clayton Antitrust Act
- Expanded Sherman Antitrust Act and prohibited companies from buying stock of competitions and allowed strikes and boycotts.
- Imperialism
- Extension of nations power over other lands.
- Economic Interests
- Foreign countries wanted raw materials and a market to sell manufactured goods.
- Military Needs
- Wanted to set up Naval Bases
- Social Darwinism
- Only the strongest countries will survive.
- Nationalism
- Love for the country - need to expand.
- Missionaries
- People who spread Christianity
- The Bayonet Constitution
- King of Hawaii signs this agreeing to replace the monarchy. (Forced by the U.S. [business owners] to sign).
- The Open Door Policy
- The U.S. was very late with imperialism in China. Foreign policy where U.S. and China could import/export goods to each other without any tariffs/regulations.
- Yellow Journalism (Cause of Span-Amer War)
- Newspapers printed that exaggerated events about Cuban Revolution.
- Economic Control (Cause of Span-Amer War)
- They wanted control of Southern American countries (Cuba and Philippines) to make money.
- U.S.S. Maine (Cause of Span-Amer War)
- US battleship explodes in Cuba (shot down by the Spanish).
- The De Lome Letter (Cause of Span-Amer War)
- Spanish Minister criticizes President McKinley calling him weak. Letter is published for all to see.
- Annexation of Philippines (Result of War)
- The U.S. had a duty to involve itself actively in world affairs and had to keep its reputation of being a "world power".
- US emergence as world power (Result of War)
- The war ended in a short four months, and American had won every single battle.
- Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy
- Foreign policy "speak softly and carry a big stick" big stick refers to the U.S.'s Naval advantages.
- The Platt Amendment
- Gave the U.S. the control of Cuba as a Protectorate (a country under the control of another).
- The Building of the Panama Canal
- Faster and cheaper way to travel and trade around South America. Roosevelt forced Panama to sign treaty, giving the U.S. control.
- The Roosevelt Corollary
- Extension to the Monroe Doctrine ~ Only the U.S. could intervene in South America ~ Used force against Europe.
- Taft ~ Dollar Diplomacy (Latin America)
- Policy of promoting American economic interests in other countries.
- President Wilson ~ Involvement in Mexico (L.A.)
- Pushed for US involvement in Mexican Revolution to provide a stable government.