botany
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- how many organisms live today?
- About 15 million different species of organisms exist today
- Carl Linnaeusc invented?...
- BINOMIAL SYSTEM OF NOMENCLATURE and book “SPECIES PLANTARUM†and names about 7300 species of plants
- GENUS AND SPECIES written in⬦
- ô€º italics or sometimes underlined and first letter of genus is capitalizedô€º italics or sometimes underlined and first letter of genus is capitalized
- Hogg and Haeckel proposed addition of the...?
- protista
- Copeland proposed splitting out the bacteria from the Protista and calling them the...?
- monera
- 6 kingdoms = 3 domain...
- 􀂾Bacteria 􀂾Archaea 􀂾Eukarya
- Typical “body†cells of plants and animals are
- diploid
- Diploid (2n)
- A cell with two sets of DNA in nucleus. 􀂾 Half of the DNA comes from the mother and the other half comes from the father
- Typical “reproductive†cells of plants and animals are
- haploid
- Haploid (1n)
- A cell with one set of DNA in nucleus. 􀂾 The single set of DNA contains a mixture of DNA from mother and father
- Mitosis
- Cells divide and make new cells that are exact copies of themselves One diploid cell makes two diploid cells
- Meiosis
- Cells divide and make new cells genetically different from themselves One diploid cell makes four haploid cells Daughter cells contain half the amount of DNA of parent cells
- sporophyte
- makes spores by meiosis
- gametophyte
- makes gametes by mitosis
- spore
- Single haploid cell made by meiosis.
- gamete
- Single haploid “sex†cell which is either male (sperm), or female (egg)
- In animals, gametes (sperm and eggs) are made from diploid cells by
- meiosis
- In plants, gametes (sperm and eggs), are made from haploid cells by
- mitosis
- Alternation of Generations
- BOTH diploid and haploid phases of a plant life cycle are MULTICELLULAR.
- ⬢Non-Vascular plants
- Bryophytes
- Vascular plants
- ⬢2- Ferns and fern allies ⬢3- Gymnosperms ⬢4- Angiosperms
- All land plants probably evolved from an ancient
- green algae
- Modern green algae share many common characteristics with modern land plants
- 􀂾 Photosynthesis 􀂾 Pigments 􀂾 Cell walls 􀂾 Cell division, etc.
- Bryophytes
- ⬢Seedless, non-vascular plants ⬢Gametophyte is dominant generation ⬢Require water during reproduction (swimming sperm)
- Bryophytes examples
- Moss, hornworts, liverworts
- Bryophytes appear in fossil record during...
- silurian
- What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
- 6CO2+12H2O--> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
- What are the products of the light reactions and dark reactions of photosynthesis? What is needed to create these products?
- Light reactions- light is need for ATP to be created Dark Reactions- carbon dioxide is need for carbon fixation to occur and 1 glucose molecule be generated
- Where does photosystem 1 take place?
- stroma thylakoids
- where does photosystem 2 take place?
- grana thylakoids
- Where does the calvin cycle take place?
- stroma of the chloroplast
- What are the names of the pigments involved in photosynthesis?
- catotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b
- why is it necessary to have several kinds of pigment in photosynthesis?
- it creates a greater range of wavelengths that can be accepted
- How does cyclic photophosphorylation differ fro mnon cyclic photophosphorylation?
- Cyclic photophosphorylation is when ATP is created from the concentration radient on the membrane of the thylakoid due to the buildup of hydrogen ions from the sunlight. Noncyclic refers to the process of protons moving across the membrian through the z scheme which creates ATP
- Why are hydrogen ions important for photosynthesis?
- They act as electrons and when they build up there is a concentration gradient which drives ATP synthesis
- Why are calvin cycle reactions called the dark reactions?
- The calcin cycle reactions do not require light to take place, however they do need the products of the light reactions as well as CO2 to happen
- Why is the term dark reactions somewhat misleading when describing the Calvins cycle?
- the calvin cycle does not only happen when it is dark out. It can occur at all times, however, sunlight is not a product of the reaction
- What happens at carbon fixation of the calvin cycle?
- carbon dioxide is fixed by the enzyme RUBISCO to RUBP which is a 5C sugar
- Describe what occurs during the reaction phase of the Calvin cycle
- 6 3C PGA molecules are reduced to 6 mol of 3C biphosphoglycerate which is then converted to 3C PGAL
- Explain the regeneration process in the calvin cycle
- 5C of the PGAL is used to regenerate the enzyme RUBISCO
- List the following terms sequentially as they would occur in the calvin cycle: RUBP, RUBISCO, ATP, NADPH, ADP, NADP+, PGA, PGAL
- RUBISCO, RUBY, PGA, ATP, ADP, NADPH< NADP+, PGAL
- Why is it a problem for a plant if oxygen enters the calvin cycle rather than carbon dioxide?
- It creates a waste of energy for the plants because the plant will need to put energy back into the cycle to remove the oxygen.
- What is photorespiration and why do we say that it is inefficient for plants?
- Oxygen enters the calvin cycle instead of plants and this wastes energy
- Why does phtorespiration occur despite the fact that it is inefficent?
- The calvin cycle cannot distinguish between the oxygena nd the carbon dioxide. There fore if there is an abundance of oxygen, the Calvin cycle will that in instead of CO2
- How does c4 metabolism help plants
- There is a spatial separation between the carbon dioxide intake and the CO2 use. Therefore, this limits the amount of oxygen the calvin cycle is taking in.
- Where does the name for c4 metabolism come from?
- 4carbon acid malate which is formed when carbon is fixed- this is very concentrated
- How does c4 metabolism work?
- the carbon is fixed in mesophyll cells. the calvin cycle occurs in a bundle sheath cell where high CO2 is maintained.
- What does krantz anatomy refer to?
- the wreath of bundle sheath cells that surround the vascular system in c4 plants
- would you expect the grana to be larger in a bundle sheath cell or a mesophyll cell and why?
- grana will be larger in the mesopyll chloroplast because this is where carbon fixation occurs
- Why do CAM plants taste sour at night but sweet in the day?
- The CO2 is taken in at night, so carbon fixation occur and malate is formed. Malate is an acid so it would taste sour. During the day, glucose is being formed during the light reactions so the plant would taste sweet.
- What inferences did Darwin make to develop the thoery of natural selection?
- 1. production of more individuals than the environment can support which creates a struggle for existance 2. survival depends on heritable traits 3. unequal ability to survive and reproduce will elad to a gradual change in the population over time.