Culinary Test 2
Terms
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- Emulsion
- Stable distribution of droplets of one liquid in another liquid with which it normally does not mix. To create a stable lasting emulsion, an emulsifying agent is required
- Emulsifying Agent
- An ingredient which holds two liquids together in an emulsion, which would normally separate. Egg Yolk is the most common.
- 1 Egg yolk's emulsifying capability in a Cold Emulsion
- 150-200ml (5-7 oz.)
- 1 Egg yolk's emulsifying capability in a Warm Emulsion
- 100-150ml
- Egg yolk's two properties which enable it to emulsify
- 1. Lipophilic- Affinity to fats 2. Hydrophilic- Affinity to water Enable egg yolks o bind oil/fat based liquids to water based liquids
- Warm Emulsified Sauce Procedure
- 1. Clarify butter 2. Whisk and cook sabayon (egg yolks, flavoring elements, and often water) over hot water bath 3. Remove from heat, slowly add warm butter while stirring with a whisk (if too thick add warm water) 4. Season, adjust acidity 5. Hold at 120ËšF
- Warm Emulsified Sauces
- Hollandaise (and derivatives) Bearnaise (and derivatives)
- Sauce Hollandaise
- Warm emulsified sauce containing Sabayon of: ⬢ egg yolks ⬢ water ⬢ lemon juice Emulsified with: ⬢ clarified butter Seasoned with: ⬢ salt ⬢ cayenne pepper
- Sauce Béarnaise
- Warm emulsified sauce containing Reduction of: ⬢ w. wine/r. wine vinegar ⬢ shallots, ciseler ⬢ mignonette (crushed peppercorns) ⬢ dried tarragon ⬢ water Sabayon of: ⬢ reduction ⬢ egg yolk ⬢ water Emulsified with: ⬢ clarified butter Seasoned with: ⬢ tarragon ⬢ chervil ⬢ salt & pepper
- Hollandaise Derivatives
- Mousseline (3/4 Hollandaise, 1/4 Whipped Cream) Moutarde (Hollandaise & Mustard) Maltaise (Hollandaise, Orange Juice, Blanched Orange Zest) Mikado (Hollandaise, Mandarin Orange Juice, Blanched Mandarin Orange Zest)
- Mousseline
- Hollandaise derivative. Contains: ⬢3/4 Hollandaise ⬢1/4 Whipped Cream
- Moutarde
- Hollandaise Derivative. Contains: ⬢Hollandaise ⬢Mustard
- Maltaise
- Hollandaise Derivative. Contains: ⬢Hollandaise ⬢Orange Juice ⬢Blanched Orange Zest
- Mikado
- Hollandaise Derivative Contains: ⬢ Hollandaise ⬢ Mandarin Orange Juice ⬢ Blanced Mandarin Orange Zezt
- Béarnaise Derivatives
- Mnemonic Device: T. P. V/F. C. Tomatoes Plug Very Fine Chinois Tyrolienne (Replace Clarified Butter with oil in Béarnaise) Paloise (Replace Tarragon with Mint) Valois/Foyot (Béarnaise & Meat Glaze) Charon (Béarnaise & Tomatoes Concassée)
- Tyrolienne
- Béarnaise Derivative. Replace clarified butter with oil.
- Paloise
- Béarnaise Derivative. Replace tarragon with mint
- Valoise/ Foyot
- Béarnaise Derivative. Béarnaise + Meat Glaze
- Charon
- Béarnaise derivative. Béarnaise with tomato concassée
- Beurre Blanc
- ⬢ Shallots, ciceler ⬢ W. Wine Vinegar ⬢ W. Wine Reduced to a glaze Monter à Beurre (whisk in cold butter cubes a little at a time) Season with salt and pepper
- Cold Emulsified Sauce
- Mayonnaise and its derivatives ⬢ Egg Yolks ⬢ Mustard ⬢ Vinegar/ Lemon Juice ⬢ Salt ⬢ Pepper Emulsified with ⬢Oil
- Mayonnaise Derivatives
- Mnemonic Devise: R(eally) V(aluable) G(old) CAROT Rémoulade (Mayo with Mustard, Capers, Minced Cornichons, Chervil, Tarragon, Parsley, & Anchovy essence) Verte (Mayo with Green Herbs or Chlorophyll) Gribiche (Hard-boiled egg yolks, Mustard, Chopped cornichons, Capers, Parsley, Chervil, Tarragon, Oil, Vinegar, & Julienned Egg White) Chantilly (2/3 Mayo, 1/3 Whipped Cream) Aïoli (Olive Oil, Egg yolk, Garlic, & Sometimes Saffron) Rouille (White Bread/Cooked Potato, Garlic, Red Pepper (paprika), Saffron) Andalouse (Mayonnaise, Tomato Coulis, Diced Peppers) Tartar (Hard-Boiled Egg Yolks, Oil, Vinegar, Purée of Scallion or Chives
- Types of Salad
- 1. Salades Simples (Simple Salads) 2. Salades Mixtes (Mixed Salads) 3. Salades Composée (Composed Salads)
- Salades Simples
- Simple Salads: One main ingredient dressed. e.g. Salade Digestive
- Salades Mixtes
- Mixed Salads: A mixture of several ingredients, mixed and seasoned together
- Salades Composées
- Composed Salads: Several Ingredients seasoned separately and served on a plate together e.g. Salade Niçoise
- Vinaigrette
- classicly composed of: Oil Vinegar/Lemon Juice (or other acid) Salt Pepper 3-4 parts Oil : 1 part Vinegar Optional: Mustard Chopped Herbs Garlic/Shallots ⬢All flavoring ingredients shuld be added to vinegar before adding oil⬢
- Salade Niçoise
- Salade Composée ⬢New Potatoes ⬢Hard-Boiled Eggs ⬢Tomatoes ⬢Haricots Verts ⬢Bell Peppers ⬢Lettuce ⬢Tuna ⬢Anchovy Fillets ⬢Parsley or Chervil ⬢Niçoise Olives, Pitted ⬢Vinaigrette
- Tournage/ Tourner
- Turn; Cut vegetables into faceted oval shapes of specific demensions
- Bouquetière
- 3cm long tournage
- Cocotte
- 5 cm long tournage
- Vapeur
- 6cm long tournage
- Château
- 7.5cm long tournage
- Fondante
- 8-9cm long tournage
- Glacer
- Glazing: Similar to à l'étuvée, but not necessarily cooked à la minute and contains more water. Vegetables are cooked in a sautoir with a pinch of salt, a pinch or sugar, water, and butter with a parchment paper lid with a cheminer until the vegetables are tender and the liquid sugar and salt has made a glaze. At the end of cooking, the parchment lid is removed and the vegetables are brought to the correct level of color. Levels: ⬢Galcer à Blanc (no Color) ⬢Glacer à Blond (some color) ⬢Glacer à Brun (caramelized)
- Rissoler (potatoes)
- 3-step method of cooking potatoes: 1. Blanch without salt (Air-dry) 2. Sauté 3. Roast place peeled and shaped potatoes in a pot. Just cover with water. Bring to Boil. Drain immediately (do not shock). Let AIR DRY. Heat oil in pan just large enough to fit potatoes in one layer. Add potatoes to very hot oil over high heat. Sauté quickly. When potaotes are almost cooked and are golden brown drain. At service, add butter to pan toss and cook in 400˚ oven. Season while hot.
- Three Methods of Deep-Frying Potatoes
- One-Step Two-Step Three-Step
- 1-Step Frying
- Potatoes are fried in one step at one temperature (generally 350Ëš) e.g. Cheveux, Pailles, Gaufrettes, chips.
- Dessecher
- Dry out
- Oil Smoke Points
- Peanut Oil 450ËšF Canola Oil 435ËšF Sesame Oil 410ËšF Corn Oil 410ËšF Pure Olive Oil 410ËšF Sunflower Oil 390ËšF E.V.O.O. 250ËšF Unrefined Corn Oil 250ËšF
- Olive Oil
- •Graded by level of acidity. •Oleic acid content indicates degree to which fat has broken down into fatty acids. •% of fatty acids determins smoke point. E.V.O.O. • 1st cold-pressed • High-quality olives • Acidity less that 1% • S.P.=250˚F Virgin Olive Oil • Acidity of 3% or less Pure Olive Oil • 2nd or 3rd-press • Acidity of 3-4% • Up to 10% Virgin Olive Oil added • Longer shelf life/ Less flavor • S.P.= 410˚F
- Vinegar
- Vinaigre (Vin=wine Aigre=sour) ⬢ Natural acid fermentation occurs in wine and other alcoholic liquids ⬢ 1st fermentation converts sugars in liquid into alcohol ⬢ 2nd fermentation converts alcohol into vinegar by acetous fermentation ⬢Must contain 4-7.5% Acetic Acid ⬢ Often Marked in terms of "grains" (10 grains=1% acidity) Examples Red Wine, White Wine, Champagne, Cider, Balsamic, Sherry, Malt, Rice Wine, Infused
- 2-Step Frying
- Potatoes are cooked in two steps. 1. Blanched in 300ËšF oil (drained, dried) 2. Fried in 350-375ËšF oil (seasoned while hot) e.g. Allumettes, Frites, Pont-Neuf
- 3-Step Frying
- 1. Add potatoes to oil at 250-275˚F (drain) 2. Add potatoes to 350˚F (drain, Dry) 3. At service fry again at 350˚F e.g. Pommes Souflées
- Waxy Potatoes
- Red Bliss Fingerlings New Potatoes (California Potatoes)
- Mealy/Starchy Potatoes
- Idaho Purple Potato (Peru) Yukkon Gold
- Deep-Frying Potatoes
- ⬢Submerge entirely in hot oil or fat until cooked ⬢Obtain golden brown crust ⬢Surface must be dry ⬢Outer crust forms immediately, preventing potato from soaking up oil (thus dep-frying is a dry-heat method)
- Deep-Frying Rules
- • Oil must be fully preheated • Temp. should never exceed 424˚F •Cook in batches so that oil temp. does not drop too much • Never pre-salt • Dry surface of potatoes well • Never poor water on grease fire (smother with lid) • Don't fill more than 1/2 way • Don't mix oils (different types or old and new) • Strain oil between uses.
- Paner à L'anglaise
- to bread an item 1. flour 2. egg 3. bread crumbs
- Pommes Darphin
- Julienned potatoes (squeezed in cloth to remove excess starchy water), sautéed and baked in 1" layer in poêle (flip once while sauteing and once while baking) until golden brown.
- Pommes Anna
- Potoates trimmed into cylinders and then thinly sliced into 3mm thick rounds. layered in concentric circles in a poêle preheated with clarified butter. salt each layer. Seer on stove then cook until tender in oven. (flip once while sauteing and once while baking)
- Gratin Dauphinois
- 1. Butter a casserole dish or sautoir (with pommade) sprinkle with finely diced garlic. 2. Make a mix of cream (or 1/2 cream, 1/2 milk), nutmeg, salt, & pepper. Whisk 3. Shred Gruyere 4. Thinly slice potaotes into 2mm rounds 5. pour a little liquid into bottom of casserole dish layer with potatoes pour a little more liquid on top sprinkle with Gruyere 6. Repeat 7. Bake until golden brown on top
- Pommes Campagnarde
- Variation on Gratin Dauphinois. Use veal stock instead of cream & add Bacon and onions
- Pommes Croquette
- Pommes Duchesse miture (Potatoes Purée + Yolk + Butter) piped into logs and panner à l'anglaise nd deep-fried
- Pommes Duchesse
- Pommes Purée + Yolks + Butter
- Pommes Dauphine
- 1 Part Pommes Purée + 1 Part Pâte à Choux shaped and deep-fried.
- Pommes Mont d'Or
- Pommes Gratinée + Egg yolk liaison
- Pommes Gratinée
- Pommes Purée sprinkled with shredded cheese and melted butter in gratin dish. baked until cheese is golden brown.