Chapter 22
Kidner
Terms
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- great reforms
- series of russian reforms that included emancipation of the serfs, lessening of censorship, and reform of hte military and judicial systems
- third republic
- longest continuous republic in french history, beginning with the defeat in the franco-prussian war and ending with milirary defeat by hitler
- Frederick William IV
- King of Prussia who issured a constitution during the Berlin revolution of 1848
- pacifists
- individuals who oppose war and violence on principle and seek peaceful solutions to state conflicts
- Pius IX
- Pope who became a staunch conservative, refusing to acknowledge Italian unification and condemning all forms of modernity
- national workshops
- Paris is=nstituions set up in 1848 to give work to the unemployed at government expense
- Emile zola
- french writer, author of "J' Accuse", an article accusing the french army of trying to frame dreyfus
- william gladstone
- british politician and prime minister; important figure in the liberal party
- Napoleon III
- Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, who was elected president of France in 1848 and declared himself emperor in 1852
- anarchists
- political radicals of late nineteenth century who distrusted central government authority and advocated violent means to overthrow the existing political order
- Louis Blanc
- French socialist who advocated the right to work and the abolition of competition
- martial law
- temporary sstrengthening of government powers, including hte suspension of certain civil rights, during public disturbances or other emergencies
- paris commune
- radical regime in paris after franco-prussian war, brutally suppressed by the french government in may 1871
- second socialist international
- loose organization of working class political parties dominated by marxists
- constituent assembly
- meeting tod raw up a constitution or to agree on basic fundamentals of a governing system
- national minority
- ethnic/ational groupp not making up the majority of a state's population
- roma
- nomadic people living especially in eastern europe who trace their origins back to india, sometimes incorrectly referred to as "gypsies"
- compromise of 1867
- agreement between austria and hungary dividing the country into two autonomous parts, oinked by a common budget, military, and foreign policy.
- nation building
- creation of a strong nation-state, with institutions to educate the population in obedience and patriotism
- theodor herzl
- viennese journalist who founded modern zionism
- wilhelm marr
- german writer who coined the word antisemitism, arguing that jews posed a major threat to european peoples and culture
- indirect tax
- taxes levied on products of common use, like salt, alcoholic beverages, or kerosene, as opposed to direct taxes, such as income tax
- aryan
- designation for non-jews, implying that jews belonged in a specific "sematic" race, while other white europeans belonged to the "aryan" race.
- Leo XIII
- successor of pius IX, pope who atttempted to find ways of reconciling catholic faith and the modern world
- russification
- effort to culturally assimilate minority national groups in the russian empire, in particular in the second half of the 19th century
- baronesss bertha von suttner
- austrian writer and pacifist organizer whose novel Lay Down Your Arms! gained her an international reputation
- pogrom
- in russia in 1881 and later, organzied attacks on jews and jewish property.
- Francis Joseph
- Habsburg emperor of Austria from 1848 and king of Hungary from 1867
- revolutions of 1848
- Series of upheavals that shook Europe form Sicily to Paris to Berlin to Vienna, bringing first liberal change, then generally conservative reaction
- zionism
- view that jews were not merely a religious community, but a nation; also a movement advocating the formation of a modern jewish state in palestine.
- alfred nobel
- swedish industrialist who funded the nobel prizes, which he hoped would encourage world peace and the development of culture
- de rerum novarum
- document issued by pope leo XIII in 1891 condemning socialism and the exploitation of workers and calling for cooperation between classes
- russo-turkish war
- major war in the balkans with serbia and russia fighting against the ottoman empire
- polish socialist party
- political party founded in 1892 that combined socialist ideology with the demand for an independent polish state
- mikhail bakunin
- russian anarchist and revolutionary who espoused a political ideology opposed to all forms of state authority
- pale of settlement
- area in the southwestern russian empire where jews were allowed to reside
- national democratic party
- nationalist and antisemitic polish party formed in 1897 that advocated limiting the number of non poles--especially jews--in a future polish state
- Slavic Congress
- Assembly of Slavic nations in Prague in 1848 that called for cultural recognition for Slavs
- integral nationalism
- form of nationalism common in the later 19th century, characterized by an aggressive stance toward other ethnic groups
- center party
- catholic political party in germany, organized in 1870
- duma
- russian legislature, granted by tsar nicholas II in 1906 and lasting until the rovolution of 1917
- labour party
- british political party founded in 1900 with the help of trade unions to represent the interests of the urban working class
- Syllabus of Errors
- docuent issured by pope pius IX in 1864 condemning many modern beliefs, including rationalism, socialism, communism, and liberalism
- bolsheviks and mensheviks
- two brances of the underground russian social-democratic party, the more radical of which was the bolsheviks
- reichstag
- german federal parliament for united germany that met in berlin starting in 1871 and was elected by universal male suffrage
- minorities question
- problem of what cultural and political rights to give to national minorities
- civil marriage
- legal bond between two persons, usually man and wife, recognized by the state but not necessarily by relgious authorities
- camille cavour
- prime minister and adviser to the king of sardinia, victor emmanuel II,, who in 1861 became the first king of united italy
- franco-prussian war
- conflict provoked by bismarck resulting in the defeat of france and the end of Napoleon III's reign; also led to german unification
- armenians
- christian ethnic group living in the russian and ottoman empires, subject to violent attacks under sultan abdul hamid II
- antisemitism
- anit-jewish political movement arising in germany in the 1870's and spreading to many countryies, in particular in eastern europe
- Otto von Bismarck
- prominent conservative prussian statesman, chancellor and architect of german unification in 1871
- abdicate
- To give up one's power as ruler, usually said of kings
- dreyfus affair
- series of trieal between 1894 and 1906 involving the false accusation of captain alfred dreyfus, a jewish officer on the french general staff, of spying for the germans
- roman dmowski
- polish politician and leader of the nationalist and antisemitic nationl democratic party
- scientific racism
- 19th century biological theory that claimed humanity is divided into three races with different pphysical, mental, and sexual capacities
- vatican
- seat of the catholic church and the pope's residence, in central rome on the tiber river
- terrorism
- use of violence to intimidate individuals, ruling groups, or entire nations to achieve an individuals or groups political ideological goals
- Louis Kossuth
- Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Habsburg Empire during 1848-1849
- socialist revolutionaries
- russian underground political party, founded in 1901, that carried out terrorist acts against tsarist government.
- social democratic party of germany
- europes most powerful and popular socialist party in the late 19th and early 20th century
- crimean war
- war fought on the crimean peninsula in which russia's defeat by france and britain led to tsar alexander II's great reforms
- Frankfurt Assembly
- Representatives elected throughout German states who met in Frankfurt to draft a liberal constitution for a united German Empire.