gphil exam 2
Terms
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- empiricism
- all our knowledge come directly or indirectly from sense perception Mill
- rationalism
- some of our knowledge about reality does not come directly or indirectly from sense perception descartes and kant
- partial skepticism
- there are some things one cannot know not objectionable
- universal skepticism
- one cannot know anything faulty position cannot be articulated without the assumption that one knows something
- descartes tries to refute universal skepticism
- wants to find one statement that cannot ever be doubted, it will show 2 things: something that is absolutely certain and cannot be doubted the mind has the capacity to know
- foundationalism
- view that a theory of knowldege must be founded on something that is absolutely certain i am, i exist
- ontological proof
- from the conception one had of x to the claim that x actually exists. always commit fallacy of existential instantiation proof for the existence of God
- fallacy of existential instantation
- just because we have an idea of something doesn't mean it exists
- metaphysical dualism
- mind and body differ in essence essence of boy is extension and the essense of mind is thinking gives rise to the mind body problem
- mind body problem
- how does the mind get the body to do anything? assumes that something immaterial (thinking) cannot affect something physical (extended in space)
- metaphysical monism
- position that the person is not comprised of 2 distinct essences.
- monadology
- everything both physical and mental is comprised of monads intended to resolve the mind body problem, if even physical things are comprised of non physical monads, physical and non physical things do not differ in essence and they can affect eachother falls under rational metaphysics
- monads
- windowless invisible centers of intelligence
- hume
- wanted to show that knowledge calims such as those made in rationalistic metaphysics are not legitimate knowledge claims all objects of human understanding fall into 2 groups ideas of matters relations of ideas
- kant
- believed metaphyisc involved claims about reality and if metaphysic was to be more mere opinion the claims must be true apriori and apriori
- classical realism
- human mind has the capactiy to know and there is a reality that can be directly known Adler
- complex sense perceptions
- sense deceive us
- simple sense perceptions
- arms, head, legs: physical parts becomes more difficult to doubt
- corporeality in general
- extended in space, size, numbers... harder to doubt more abstract and general
- complex sciences
- physics, medicine easier to doubt more complex than simple based on sense perception
- simple sciences
- geometry, arthimetic harder to doubt than complex sciences
- clear and distinct
- self evidently true cant imagine contrary
- matter of cat
- contrary to any matter of fact is always possible not contradictory to deny based on sense perception based on cause and effect experience based on senses informative
- relations of ideas
- if ture, necessarily ture, cant deny cannot deny wo contradicting yourself evidence by reason alone principle of noncontradiction not informative
- cause and effect
- a causes b a come before b cnstant conjuction, if a, then b a and be must be contigious (touching)
- aposteriori
- empirical any knowledge coes after experience objects impress on the mind
- a priori
- mind contributes somethign to object and experience mind=active neccesary and hold strict universality do not depend on expeirence
- sense perception formal and material
- formal: apriori- holds true for every sense perception material- what differentiates one sense from another
- strict formal rules
- independent of a given experience necessary strict universality
- knowledge
- attributing something to a subject a feature is attached or unattached to the subject
- judgements
- subject and predicate every judgment has a quantity univseral, particular, or singular
- synthetic
- the predicate is not contained in the subject gives you info this chalk is white
- analytic
- the predicate is contained in the subject dont need outside observation 2+2=4
- synthetic apostori
- matter of fact
- analytical apriori
- relations of ideas
- percept
- what we gather and take from an object
- idea
- that by which we make something else outside of ideas... by which we know somethign else
- solipcism
- ideas are figments of our imagination
- nominalism
- gneral terms dont refer to anything
- conceptual construct
- concept with no instantiation
- instantiation
- point to an existing objects