Biology Chapters 1-10 review
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- 03. Define data
- Evidence
- 10. A hypothesis should be tested by a controlled experiment which does what?
- A hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time.
- 11. List the order of the levels of organization in order of most complex to least complex.
- Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism, groups of cells, cells, and molecules.
- 12. Describe a compound microscope.
- Compound microscope-allows light to pass through the specimen and use 2 lenses to form an image.
- 13. What two theories help to explain why mammals have evolved as they have in Australia?
- The theories of plate tectonics and evolution help explain why mammals have evolved as they have in Australia.
- 14. What is the Theory of spontaneous generation?
- Spontaneous Generation-hypothesis (disproven) stating that life could arise from nonliving matter.
- 15. What is a hypothesis?
- Hypothesis-possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question.
- 16. What do scientist use the electron microscope for?
- Use electron microscopes because these microscopes can form images of objects 1000 times smaller than those visible under a light microscope.
- 17. What is an Ion? What charge will an ion have if it gains an electron? loses an electron?
- ion-positively & negatively charged atoms. Gain electron the ion will become negatively charged. Loses an electron becomes positively charged.
- 18. What are suspensions?
- suspensions-mix of water & nondissolved material.
- 19. What is a catalyst and how do they work?
- catalyst-that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction catalysts work by lowering a reaction's activation energy.
- 20 What's happening with the electrons in an ionic bond? A covalent bond?
- ionic bond is formed when one or more elctrons are transferred from one atom to another.
- 21. Large organic molecules or macromolecules are formed by the process of? Describe it?
- Macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization. Polymerization-which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.
- 22. What are the smaller units of this larger polymer called?
- smaller units, or monomers.
- 24. The monomers of starch, a polysaccharide, are?
- The monomers in starch polymers are sugar molecules.
- 25. What are the basic units of fats or lipids?
- lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
- 26. What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Proteins?
- Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
- 28. List the functions of proteins. (key concept)
- Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones & muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
- 29. What is the function of nucleic acids?
- Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information.
- 30. What effect do enzymes have on the chemical reactions in the cell?
- Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells.
- 31. Describe the concentration of H ions in an acid and a base.
- Acidic solutions contain higher concentrations of H+ ions than pure water and have ph values below 7. Basic, or alkaline, solutions contain lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water & have ph values above 7.
- 32. What is an element's atomic number equal to?
- The number of protons in an atom of an element is the element's atomic number
- 33. What is an element's atomic mass equal to?
- The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its mass number.
- 34. In a solution of salt water, which is the solute? The solvent?
- Table salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
- 35. Define population, community.
- Population-group of organisms of one type that live in the same area. Community-populations that live together in a defined area.
- 36. What are producers? consumers?
- Producers-organisms that make their own food also called autotrophs. Consumers-organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply are also called heterotrophs.
- 37. What are autotrophs? Heterotrophs?
- Autotrophs-organism that make their own food. Heterotrops-organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply.
- 38. What's an herbivore? carnivore?
- Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants. Carnivores eat animals.
- 39. What is the role of a decomposer?
- Decomposer breaks down organic matter.
- 40.What is a food web?
- Food web is when the feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem form a network of complex interactions.
- 41. What is an ecosystem?
- Ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment.
- 42. What is a biome?
- Biome is a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominate communities.
- 43. What is not recycled in the biosphere?
- Energy is not recycled in the biosphere.
- 44. Only 10% of the energy can be passed to the next trophic level. What happens to the other 90%
- The other 90% is lost as heat.
- 45. How can a predator increase the number of certain species in its habitat?
- Eat less have less babies can increase # of certain species.
- 46. Define mutualism. give an ex.
- Mutualism - both species benefit from the relationship. For ex. flowers depend on certain species.
- 47. What is commensalism?
- Commensalism-one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
- 48. What is parasitism? What is a host?
- Parasitism- on organism lives on or inside another organism & harms it. Host-the parasite obtains all or part of its nutritional needs from the other organism.
- 49. What is a niche? Why can several species of warbler birds live in the same tree?
- Niche-is the full range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Because each warbler species has a different niche in its spruce tree habitat.
- 51. What are some of the factors that decrease biodiversity?
- Human activity can reduce biodiversity by altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic compounds into food webs, and introducing foreign species to new environments.
- 52.What is global warming and what is causing it?
- Global warming-increase in average temp. of the biosphere. Global warming is caused by human activity.
- 53. What chemicals are contributing to acid rain?
- Acid rain results from the chemical transformation of nitrogen & sulfur products that come from human activities.
- 54. The chemical that is contributing to ozone depletion is?
- Chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs
- 56. What is logistic growth? What does the curve look like?
- Logistic growth occurs when a population growth slows/stops following a period of exponential growth. Curve-S shaped
- 57. If the first level of an energy pyramid contains 10,000 calories of energy, how much energy is available on the third level?
- 100 is available on 3rd level
- 58. Nitrogen is one of the elements recycled in the biosphere. Why is it important to living organisms?
- All organisms need nitrogen to make amino acids. Amino acids make proteins that is why it is important to living organisms.
- 60. What is transpiration?
- Transpiration-process by which water enters the atmospher.
- 61. What does the ozone layer protect us from?
- Ozone layer protects us from harmful UV light.
- 62. What is competition? What happens when there is direct competition for the same resources?
- Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
- 63. What is active transport? It requires what?
- Active transport-the material moves from an area of lower concentration to area greater concentration. Requires input of energy.
- 64. What is the major difference btw a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
- The cells of eukaryotes have a nucleus, but the cells of prokaryotes do not.
- 65. What kinds of organisms are prokaryotic?
- Bacteria
- 67. What is facilitated diffusion? Does it require an input of energy?
- Facilitate diffusion-movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels.
- 68. The nucleus contains DNA. Why is DNA so important to the cell?
- DNA contains hereditary information.
- 71. Where is the cytoplasm located?
- Cytoplasm located inside cell membrane.
- 72. What are organelles?
- Organelles-specialized organs.
- 73. What is an isotonic solution?
- isotonic solution-when the concentration on both sides of the membrane are the same.
- 74. If a cell is in a hypotonic solution, which way will the water move, into or out of the cell? In a hypertonic solution?
-
Hypertonic-"above strength"
Hypotonic solution-"below strength" The hypotonic solution water moves in and hypertonic solution water moves out. - 75. What are the 3 major parts of the nucleus?
- Nucleolus, chromatin, and nuclear envelope are 3 major parts of the nucleus.
- 76. What two structures aid in cell movement?
- Cytoskeleton and microtubules help aid in cell movement.
- 78. What do ribosomes produce?
- Ribosomes produce proteins.
- 79. What is the function of a lysosome?
- Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell.
- 80. What is diffusion?
- Diffusion-process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
- 81. Carbon Dioxide is used to make what in photosynthesis?
- Energy rich sugars, and removes Carbon Dioxide from the atmosphere.
- 82. What 3 types of molecules make up ATP?
- Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphate groups make up ATP.
- 83. What molecule forms when energy is released from ATP?
- ADP is formed when energy is released from ATP.
- 84. What is produced by the CALVIN CYCLE of PHOTOSYNTHESIS?
- High-energy sugars are produced by the calvin cycle.
- 85. What are the 3 things produced in the light reaction?
- Oxygen gas, ATP, and NADPH are produced in the light-dependent reactions.
- 86. What are the 3 products of cellular respiration?
- Carbon dioxide, water and energy are the 3 products of cellular respiration.
- 87. Why are photosynthesis and respiration considered opposites of each other?
- Because photosynthesis stores energy and respiration releases it. Photosynthesis reactants are respirations products and vice-versa.
- 89. What part of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm? In the mitochondria?
- Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The electron transport chain and the cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria.
- 90. What molecule enters the Krebs Cycle?
- Pyruvic acid enters the Krebs Cycle.
- 91. What chemical regulates the timing in the cell cycle?
- Cyclin regulates the timing in the cell cycle.
- 92. What does a defect in gene P53 cause? How?
- It halts the cell cycle until all chromosomes have been properly replicated.
- 93. What does the spindle do during mitosis?
- The spindle helps separate the chromosomes.
- 94. What is the difference in cytokinesis btw plant and animal cells?
- Plant cells- a cell plate forms midway btw the divided nuclei. The cell plate gradually develops into a separating membrane. A cell wall begins to appear in cell plate.
- 95. What are the 2 main stages of cell division?
- ?
- 96. Diagram and label a chromosome?
- ?
- 97. The first phase of mitosis is called?
- ?
- 98. What are the main events of metaphase?
- ?
- 99. Diagram and label the events of the cell cycle?
- ?
- 100. What is the cell cycle?
- ?
- 101. During what part of the cell cycle are the chromosomes visible?
- ?
- 102. As the cell increases in length or size, describe the relationship btw volume and surface area?
- ?
- 103. The rate at which exchange take place btw a cell and its environment depends on what? The rate that wastes are produced depends on?
- ?
- 104. What are the two main reasons cells divide?
- ?
- 66. Why does diffusion occur?
- Move materials from low concentration to high concentration.
- 70. What is the function of the mitochondria?
- to produce energy from food.
- 02. In the Redi exp. to disprove spontaneous generation, describe the controlled variables, the manipulated variable, and the responding variable.
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Control variable-jars, type of meat, location, temp, time.
Manipulated variable-gauze covering
Responding variable-whether maggots appear - 05. Science differs from other disciplines because after proposing an explanation it will do what?
- Science differs from other disciplines because after proposing explanations that can be tested by examining evidence.
- 06. Define cell fractionation
- Cell fractionation-separate the different cell parts.
- 07. What is homeostasis?
- homeostasis-the process by which organisms keep the internal conditions relatively stable.
- 09. Convert 5.4km to cm
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1 meter =100 cm
1000 m =100,000 cm
100,000 X 5.4 = 540,000 cm - 01. List the characteristics of living things.
- made up of units called cell, reproduce, are based on universal genetic code, grow & develop, obtain & use materials & energy, respond to their environment, maintain a stable internal environment, taken as a group living things change over time.
- 04. What are scanning electron microscopes used for?
- Electron microscopes focus beams of electrons on specimens. These microscopes can form images of objects 1000 times smaller than those visible under a light microscope.
- 08. Define metabolism
- metabolism-combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.
- 23. What is the basic unit or monomer of a carbohydrate?
- Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms.
- 27. The unequal sharing of electrons makes a water molecule polar. Which side is slightly positive? slightly negative?
- The negative pole is near the oxygen atom and the positive pole is btw the hydrogen atoms.
- 50. Define biotic and abiotic factors. Give ex.
- Biotic factors the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem. Ex. birds, trees, mushrooms, & bacteria. Abiotic factors physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems. Ex. Climate, temp, precipitation, & humidity.
- 55. What is exponential growth? What does the curve look like?
- Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Curve-J shaped
- 59. How does water reenter the atmosphere?
- Water can enter the atmosphere by evaporating from leaves of plants in the process of transpirations.
- 69. Even after equilibrium is reached, what is happening to the molecules on each side of the membrane?
- They keep moving from one side to the other.
- 77. What is the main function of the cell membrane?
- The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.
- 88. What are the 3 major steps in cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain are the 3 major steps in cellular respiration.