Microbio
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- Respiration
- Uses the reducing power accumulated in the Central Metabolic Pathways to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorilation
- Nucleic Acid synthesis
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Pyrimidines added to ribose5phosphate
Purines: Phosphate group joins to 5carbon, phosphate bond with 3carbon, phosphate of 5carbon and OH of 3 carbon form a phosphodiester bond - Amino Acid Synthesis
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Need nitrogen which comes from ammonia
- Glutamate is rearranged to make many different amino acids
alpha ketoglutarate +NH4 --> glutamate + NH2 - Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Starts from acetylCoa and adds two carbons until right legth is achieved
- Glycerol Synthesis
- Synthesized from dehydroxyacetone phosphate
- Reverse TCA
- Green sulfur bacteria and archaea
- Calvin Cycle Step One
- CO2 enters and rubisco joins it to a 5 carbon compound - get 2 3phosphoglycerate
- Calvin Cycle Step 2
- There is an input of ATP and NADPH used to convert 3phosphogycerate to glyceraldehyde
- Calvin Cycle Step 3
- Use ATP to get 6 molecules ribulose 1-5 biphosphate
- Calvin Cycle?
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6 turns generate 1 6-carbon sugar
Consumes 12 NADPH and 18 ATP - Carbon Fixation
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Convert CO2 to an organic form, consumes ATP and reducing power
CO2 --> Sugars -
Purple Non-Sulfur
(Photoheterotrophs) -
P870 (bottom of lake)
When needs reducing power uses electron donors from organics
Electron growth is anaerobic, electron reduction is aerobic - Photoautotrophs in lakes
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Purple nonsulfur - p870
Green nonsulfur - P840
Cyanobacteria - P680 - Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
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purple and green bacteria
Occurs within the cytoplasmic membrane
Use bacteriochlorophylls, reversed electron transport, H2S or H2 as reducing power
Green uses 1, Purple uses 11 - Oxygenic Photosynthesis
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Plants, algae, cyanobacteria
occurs in the thylakoids, uses photosysten 1 and 2, there is noncyclic photophosphorillation, uses H20 as reducing power - Noncyclic System : Photosystem I and II
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Occurs when cells produce both ATP and reducing power
Electron can go from reduced to oxidized spontaneously, can't start again until has another electron, so splits water to get one
P680-P700 most efficient - Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria: Cyclical System
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Purple: light comes in and goes to a reduced state, then recycled down to pigment and goes back again to do photophosphorilation and make ATP
Green: light does the same thing but at a lower wavelength
*when it needs reducing power the e is given out - Photosystem II:
- Energy comes in and goes to all chlorophylls, last is rxn center, goes to excited chloropyll, the electron goes from reduced to oxidized, electron carrier takes it to proton pump and H is expelled to form proton gradient
- Tandem vs. Single Photosystem
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Tandem is cyanobacteria and plants
Single is purple and green bacteria (more efficient) - Photophosphorilation
- analogous to oxidative phosphorilation; electrons are excited by rxn center chlorophylls and pass to the ETC which generates the proton motive force
- Thylakoids
- The photosystems are embedded in the membranes of stacked structures called thylakoids which are located within the cell
- Antennae Pigments
- Make up the antennae complex which acts as a funnel to caputre energy of light and hten transfer to the rxn center pigments
- Reaction Center Pigments
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Function as electron donors in photosynthetic processes
The molecule emits an electron which is hten passed to the ETC - Accessory Pigments
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Includes carotenoids - protects pigments when there is too much light
Mammals only use beta carotene
Phycobilins are unique to cyanobacteria to increase the efficiency of light capture - Bacteriochlorophylls
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Absorb wavelegnths that are not absorbed by chlorophylls
Found in purple NS, green NS and purple S - Chlorophylls
- found in plants, algae and cyanobacteria, htey are light capturing pigments
- How do chemolithotrophs respire?
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Use organics, electrons are picked up by NAD, fermentation gives pyruvate end product, if respiration then goes to ETC
*Always use O2 to make H20 at ETC
Do not require a source of carbon but incorporate CO2 to an organic form - Nitrifying Bacteria
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One oxidizes ammonia to nitrite and one nitrite to nitrate
NH3 + 1/2O2 --> HNO2 +H20
HNO2 + 1/202 --> HNO3
*nitrobacter - Iron Bacteria
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Oxidize reduced forms of iron
2Fe + 1/2O2 +H20 --> 2Fe + 2OH
gallionella - Sulfur Bacteria
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Oxidize H2S
H2S + 1/2O2 --> H2O +S
Thiobaccillus - Hydrogen bacteria
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Oxidize hydrogen gas
H2 + 1/2 O2 --> H20
Hydrogenomonas - Catabolism of Proteins
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They are hydrolyzed by enzymes called proteases, which break peptide bonds that join amino acids
Proteins are broken down into amino acids and use the TCA cycle or bottom of glycolysis - Catabolism of Lipids
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Hydrolyzed by lipases
Lipids are fed into glycolysis after fructose 6- phosphate - Catabolism of Polysaccharides and Disaccharides
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Amylases digest these starches
All are fed into glycolysis to get glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate - Lactic Acid and Ethanol Fermentation
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Lactic acid pyruvate is terminal electron acceptor to form lactate
Ethanol fermentation: pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde, which accepts electron to form ethanol - Fermentation
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Have an organic, and takes the pyruvate, NAD picks up the electron but does not use the ETC; takes the pyruvate with the electron acceptor from NAD to make ethanol, only in glycolysis
ATP by substrate level - ATP Yeild from aerobic respiration
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Substrate level: 2ATP from glycolysis, 2ATP from TCA
Oxidative: 6ATP from reducing power of glycolysis
6ATP from transition step
22ATO from TCA - ATP Yeild of Oxidative Phosphorilation
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For each pair electrons transfered 2-3ATP are generated
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, but the ETC is on the mitochondria
Glycolysis:2NADH->6ATP
Transition: 2NADH -> 6ATP
TCA: 6NADH -> 18ATP, 2FADH2 -> 4ATP - Anaerobic Respiration and ETC
- Less efficient, uses nitrate as terminal acceptor producing nitrite then ammonia
- ATP Synthase
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Directly produces ATP by oxidative phosphorilation
Permits protons to glow back into the bacterial cell
One molecule ATP with every three protons - ETC and Respiration
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The rotation of the flagella is powered by protons
Protons are pumped out at various points on the ETC, get higher concentration outside the cell but want to get back in, all controlled by ATP synthase - ETC: Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
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In prokaryote it is located on the cytoplasmic membrane, in eukaryote is on the mitochondria
Carriers: flavoproteins, iron-sulfur, quinones, cytochromes - TCA: Step 1
- COa transfers acetyl to initiate the cycle - forms citrate
- TCA: STep 2
- Citrate is rearranged to form isocitrate
- TCA: Step 3
- Isocitrate is oxidized and CO2 is removed, NADH IS GENERATED AND ALPHAKETOGLUTERATE IS FORMED
- TCA: Step 4
- Alpha ketogluterate is oxidized, CO2 is removed and CoA is added, producing SCoa
- TCA Step 5
- ATP is released when Coa is removed
- TCA: step 6
- Oxidation releases FADH2
- TCA: Step 7
- H20 is added to make molate
- TCA: Step 8
- Malate is oxidized to form oxaloacetate, and NADH is produced
- TCA General
- Used in aerobic and anaerobic, ATP produced later by oxidative phosphorilation, goes around twice
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Transition Step
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes -
Links the glycolysis to TCA
Prokaryotes in cytoplasm, eukaryotes mitochondria
CO2 is removed from pyrvate, oxidation occurs so NAD -> NADH, forms acetyl-CoA - Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Breaks down glucose, generates precursor metabolites used in nucleic acids and protein synthesis, yeilds reducing power
- GLycolysis Step 1
- ATP is used to add phosphate group to glucose -> glucose 6-phosphate
- Glycolysis Step 2
- Chemical rearrangement to get fructose 6-phosphate
- Glycolysis Step 3
- ATP used to add another phosphate group -> fructose 1-6 biphosphate
- Glycolysis Step 4
- 6 carbon split to get two 3carbon molecules DIHYDROXYACETONE 3-PHOSPHATE and G3P
- Glycolysis Step 5
- DHP converted to G3P
- Glycolysis Step 6
- The addition of a phosphate group is coupled by an oxidation, generating NADH and high energy phosphate bond
- Glycolysis Step 7
- ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorilation -> 3-phosphoglycerate is formed
- Glycolysis Step 8
- Chemical rearrangement to from 2phosphoglycerate
- Glycolysis Step 9
- Water removed leads to high energy phosphate bond -> phosphoendopyruvate
- Glycolysis Step 10
- ATP produced by substrate level phosphorilation
- Glycolysis
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Also Embden-Meyerhoff, breaks down glucose to intermediates
Entner-Doudoroff -> generates pyruvate but uses different enzymes - High energy phosphate bonds
- When the bonds between the phosphate groups are hydrolyzed
- ATP Enzyme
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ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
sugar ribose, nitrogen base, 3PO4
High energy phosphate bonds, used in anabolic pathways, released in catabolic pathways - Enzymes
- Lower the amount of energy needed for the reaction to happen
- Photosynthetics and chemoorganotrophs
- Radient energy -> harvest and use it to synthesize organic compounds -> organic compounds are degraded by chemoorganotrophs -> generate ATP and produce ATP and CO2 and H20
- Anabolism
- use energy from ATP to assemble subunits of macromolecules making up the cell
- Catabolism
- Harvests energy during the breakdown of compounds and uses it to synthesize ATP
- Substrate Level Phosphorilation
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Intermediates with high energy phosphate bonds generate ATP
Used in glycolysis and the TCA cycle
*Uses energy released in exergonic reactions to add phosphate to ADP* - Anaerobic Respiration
- Organic is converted to CO2, use NAD to take the electron to ETC, no O2 to take used organic so use NO3 and keep reducing it until have N2 - also called denitrification
- Aerobic Respiration
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Have organic and respires it and pulls off electrons to make CO2, electrons packed by NAD/NADH, NADH goes to ETC and gives off electrons
Electron is picked up by O2 to make H20 - TCA Cycle
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Accepts 2carbon Acetyl-CoA, releases 2CO2
Generates precursor metabolites used to make proteins - Transition Step
- Removes CO2, generates reducing power, forms AcetylCoA, precursor metabolites used for lipids
- Precursor Metabolites
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anabolic PMs are building blocks to make macromolecules
Pyruvate: used to make proteins(alanine) - NAD, FAD, NADP (Names and Uses)
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide -> 2 e 1 p
Flavin adenine dinucleotide -> 2 hydrogen atoms
NAD phosphate -> 2 e 1 p - Dehydrogenation vs. Hydrogenation
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De: an electron and a proton are removed
Hy: an electron and a proton are added - Reducing Power
- Reduced electron carriers because their bonds contain a form of usable energy
- Electron Carriers
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NAD+2e+2H -> NADH H, generates PMF
FAD -> FADH2
NADP -> NADPH, used in biosynthesis - Oxidative Phosphorilation
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harvests the energy of pmf to make ATP, uses the ETC
Takes the electrons off all organics and breaks them down to get energy and CO2 - Proton Motive Force
- The electrochemical gradient established as protons are expelled from the cell
- Precursor Metabolites from Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
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Ribose5Phospate -> nucleotides and amino acids
Erythose 5phosphate -> amino acids - Precursor Metabolites from Glycolysis?
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Glucose6Phoshpate -> lipopolysaccharides
Fructose6Phosphate --> peptidoglycan
Dihydrokylacetone phosphate -> lipids
3phosphoglycerate ->amino acids
Phosphoenolpyruvate -> amino acids
Pyruvate -> amio acids - Transition Step precursor metabolites?
- AcetylCoA ->lipids
- TCA Precursor Metabolites
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alphaketogluterate -> amino acids
oxaloacetate -> proteins