Human Anatomy (Marieb), ch. 7
Terms
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- appendicular skeleton
- bones of the upper and lower limbs plus pectoral and shoulder girdles
- axial skeleton
- bones of the head, neck, and trunk
- tuberosity
- large rounded projection, often roughened
- crest
- narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
- trochanter
- very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (only found on the femur)
- line
- narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
- tubercle
- small rounded projection or process
- epicondyle
- raised area on or above a condyle
- spine
- sharp, slender, often pointed projection
- process
- any bony prominence
- head
- bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
- facet
- smoothe, nearly flat articular surface
- condyle
- rounded articular projection
- ramus
- arm-like bar of bone
- meatus
- canal-like passageway
- sinus
- cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
- fossa
- shallow basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
- groove
- furrow
- fissure
- narrow, slit-like opening
- foramen
- round or oval opening through a bone
- ligaments
- connect bones, reinforce most joints
- cranial bones
-
enclose and protect brain, provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
also known as cranium - cranium
-
encloses and protects brain, provides attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
also known as cranial bones - sutures
- immovable joints between bones
- coronal suture
- suture where parietal bones meet frontal bone anteriorly
- sagittal suture
- suture where right and left sagittal bones meet superiorly in the midline of the cranium
- squamous suture
- suture where a parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly
- lambdoid suture
- suture where parietal bones meet occipital bone posteriorly; named for its resemblance to the Greek letter lambda L
- cranial vault
-
comprised of the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the skull plus the forehead region
also known as calvaria - calvaria
-
comprised of the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the skull plus the forehead region
also known as cranial vault - cranial base
-
inferior part of skull, divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
also known as cranial floor - cranial floor
-
inferior part of skull, divided into anterior, middle, and posterior fossae
also known as cranial base - cranial cavity
- what the brain occupies
- orbits
- skull cavities that house the eyeballs
- middle and inner ear cavities
- cavities carved into the lateral aspects of the cranial base
- nasal cavity
- cavity in and posterior to the nose
- paranasal sinuses
- air-filled sinuses occurring in several bones around the nasal cavity
- cranial nerves
- nerves which conduct impulses to and from the brain; there are 12 pairs
- eight large bones of the skull
-
2 temporal bones
2 temporal bones
frontal bone
occipital bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone - frontal bone
- bone that forms the forehead and roofs of the orbits
- superciliary arches
- brow ridges protruding from skull
- supraorbital margin
- superior margin of the orbit (e.g. where the eyebrow is)
- supraorbital foramen
- opening that allows the supraorbital artery and nerve through the skull to supply the forehead
- glabella
- smooth part of the frontal bone between the supraorbital arches
- frontonasal suture
- suture where the frontal bone meets the nasal bones
- frontal sinuses
- sinuses contained in the regions of the frontal bone lateral to the glabella
- anterior cranial fossa
- fossa which holds the large frontal bones of the brain
- parietal bones
- bones of the skull shaped like curved rectangles, making up the bulk of the cranial vault
- sutural bones
- small irregular bones that occur within sutures, especially in the lambdoid suture
- occipital bone
- bone that makes up the posterior part of the cranium and cranial base; forms walls of the posterior cranial fossa
- occipitomastoid sutures
- sutures where the occipital bone articulates with the temporal bones
- posterior cranial fossa
- fossa containing the cerebellum
- foramen magnum
- literally "large hole"; hole in the base of the occipital bone where the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord
- occipital condyles
- condyles which articulate with the first vertebra of the vertebral column to allow the head to nod
- hypoglossal canal
- canal that cranial nerve XII runs through; found medial and superior to each occipital condyle
- basioccipital
- band of bone joining the sphenoid bone to the occipital bone
- external occipital protuberance
- knob in the midline of the occipital bone, found at the junction of the base and posterior wall of the skull
- external occipital crest
- crest extending anteriorly from the external occipital protuberance to the foramen magnum
- ligamentum nuchae
- an elastic, sheet-shaped ligament that lies in the median plane of the posterior neck and connects the neck vertebrae to the skull
- superior nuchal lines
- lines extending laterally from the occipital protuberance; mark the upper limit of the neck
- inferior nuchal lines
- lines extending laterally from a point halfway along the occipital crest
- temporal bones
- bones lying inferior to the parietal bones, forming the inferolateral region of the skull and parts of the cranial floor
- four major regions of a temporal bone
-
squamous region
tympanic region
mastoid region
petrous regions - squamous region
- region of temporal bone abutting the squamous suture
- zygomatic process
- bar-like process projecting anteriorly from the squamous region of the temporal bone to meet the zygomatic bone of the face
- zygomatic arch
- zygomatic process plus zygomatic arch
- mandibular fossa
- fossa on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process; part of the temporomandibular joint
- temporomandibular joint
- jaw joint; formed of mandible plus mandibular fossa
- tympanic region
- region of temporal bone surrounding the external acoustic meatus
- external acoustic meatus
-
external ear canal; canal through which sound enters the ear
also known as external auditory meatus - external auditory meatus
-
external ear canal; canal through which sound enters the ear
also known as external acoustic meatus - tympanic membrane
- eardrum
- styloid process
- needle-like process projecting inferiorly from the tympanic region; attachment point for some muscles of the tongue and pharynx and for a ligament that connects the skull to the hyoid bone of the neck
- mastoid region
- region of temporal bone on which the mastoid process is found
- mastoid process
- process on the temporal bone found just posterior to the ear; anchoring site for some neck muscles
- stylomastoid foramen
- foramen located between the styloid and mastoid processes; cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve, leaves the skull through this foramen
- mastoid air cells
- air-filled sinuses occurring in the mastoid process; these lie just posterior to the middle ear
- petrous region
- region of temporal bone projecting medially and contributing to the cranial base; looks from within the cranial cavity like a mountain ridge; divides posterior from middle cranial fossae
- jugular foramen
- large foramen located where the petrous region joins the occipital head; used by largest vein of the head, internal jugular vein, and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI
- carotid canal
- canal that opens in the petrous region on the skull's inferior aspect just anterior to the jugular foramen; transmits the internal carotid artery (the main artery to the brain) into the cranial cavity
- foramen lacerum
- jagged opening between the medial tip of the petrous temporal bone and the sphenoid bone
- internal acoustic meatus
-
meatus in the cranial cavity on the posterior face of the petrous region; transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII
also known as internal auditory meatus - internal auditory meatus
-
meatus in the cranial cavity on the posterior face of the petrous region; transmits cranial nerves VII and VIII
also known as internal acoustic meatus - spenoid bone
- bat-shaped bone located posterior to the nose; articulates with nearly every other bone of the skull
- parts of the sphenoid bone
-
greater wings
lesser wings
pterygoid processes - sella turcica
- literally "Turkish saddle"; saddle-shaped prominence found on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone
- hypophyseal fossa
- fossa holding the pituitary gland, or hypophysis; fossa lies in the seat of the sella turcica
- sphenoid sinuses
- two sinuses found within the sphenoid body
- greater wings
- processes projecting laterally from the sphenoid body, forming parts of the middle cranial fossa and the orbit
- lesser wings
- horn-shaped processes projecting laterally from the sphenoid body, forming part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa and the orbit
- pterygoid processes
- processes projecting inferiorly from the greater wings of the sphenoid bone; attachment sites for the pterygoid muscles that help close the jaw in chewing
- optic foramen
- foramen lying just anterior to the sella turcica; cranial nerve II passes through it from the orbit into the cranial cavity
- important openings of the sphenoid bone
-
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
foramen spinosum - superior orbital fissure
- long slit between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone