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History 101 Terms and Dates

Terms

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-538 BCE -permits Jews to return to Palestine and rebuild the temple
Edict of Cyrus
5 characteristics of a Civilization
1) complex social&economic structure 2) effecting and lasting government 3) religious beliefs 4) sophisticated literary&artistic styles 5) scientific and technological achievements
polis
Greek City State
war perceived to be fictitious, greeks hid themselves in a large wooden horse, Iliad and Oddessy set during this war, Osyssus and Achilles fought
Trojan War
name for all the of Greek gods
Pantheon
shrine where people went to consult the Priestess that resided here
Oracle at Delphi
form of Classical Greek government, geared towards advancement of citizens, government by the citizens
Democracy
490 BC, famous battle of Persian War, Greeks victorious, man ran 26 miles to announce the victory and then fell over dead
Battle at Marathon
499-460 bc
Persian Wars
war between Persians and Greeks, Persians took over Athens and burned the acropolis, but Greeks victorious in the end
Persian War
460-429 BCE
Age of Pericles
-word meaning "high place" -elevated area common in most Athenian city/states -temple usually at the top of this raised area
Acropolis
time period after the Persian Wars where many buildings were constructed and commercial power began to grow in Athens (460-429 BCE)
Age of Pericles
-temple at sicily -temple to Athena -built under Pericles
Parthenon
Three major dramatists during the Age of Pericles
Sophocles,Euripidies, and Aristophanes
Characteristics of Athenian Empire
-commercial power with large navy -city states had to pay taxes -they began to resent the empire, in favor of city/state gov
431-404 BCE
Peloponnesian War
-war fought mainly between Sparta and Athens -began when Spartans invaded Attica -Athenians move to Sicily but are defeated in a naval battle when Persians ally with Spartans -caused a loss of confidence, and period of pessimism and upheaval for Atheni
Peloponnesian War
-father of Alexander the Great -ruler of Macedon (359-336 BCE) -great admirer of Greek culture -began military campaign of Greece and surrounding area -wanted to avenge Greeks against Persians -was murdered in 336 as a result of a sexual scandal
Philip II of Macedon
-one of the capitals of Persia -large palace here -it burned down when Alexander held control of it -historians are unsure if it was destroyed because of a drunken accident or if it was on purpose in revenge for the destruction of the Acropolis
Persepolis
-created the Persian Empire -ruled under a monarchy from 550-530 -deeply admired by Alexander -effective army and bureaucracy -tolerant rule -ruled as a divinity
Cyrus the Great
-Bactrian Princess -wife of Alexander the Great
Roxana
-culture that is mostly Greek but has elements of Persian and Egyptian culture blended in -was spread throughout the Persian Empire during Alexander's rule
Hellenistic Culture
753 BC
mythical date for the founding of Rome, which was a monarchy at this time
509 BCE
mythical date for the foundation of the Roman Republic
Characteristics of the Romans (
-more practiced than Greeks -good politicians -set up a system of laws -military geniuses -developed from a small city-state into an empire
Magna Graecia
Greater Greece
-term used to describe a victory with terrible costs -term originated when King Pyrus won a battle against the Romans but he won at such great costs that it almost couldn't be considered a victory
Pyrhic Victory
264-146 BCE
Punic Wars
-three wars between Rome and Carthage -in 1st Rome secured Sicily -in 2nd they defeated the great general Hannibal -in third they totally destructed the city of Carthage -(264-146 BCE)
Punic Wars
-Carthingian general who tortured the Romans -took army over the alps with his elephants -defeated in the battle of Zama by the Romans
Hannibal
-took over the republic of Rome and established a monarchy -ruled from 49-44 BCE
Julius Caesar
cycle of government
monarchy tyranny oligarchy polis democracy anarchy
-ruled Rome under a monarchy from 27 BCE-14 AD
Augustus Caesar
27 BCE-180 AD
Roman Peace or Pax Romana
wall built on border of England and Scotland meant to keep out barbarians
Hadrian's Wall
-temple in center of ancient Rome -most perfextly preserved of ancient Roman buildings -assumed to be built for all the gods
Pantheon
-triumphal arch built in honor of Titus -Titus was a general who put down the Jewish rebellion in 70 AD
Arch of Titus
-212 AD -made everyone citizens except for slaves
Edict of Carracalla
-army to guard emperor -played role in declaring new emperor
Praetorian Guard
-tribes from the north that threatened Rome -Visigoths, Franks, Huns, etc
Germanic Tribes
-emperor of Rome from 284 to 305 AD -established strongest bureaucracy yet in Rome -hoped to solve issues of succession, but failed -split the Roman Empire into East and West
Diocletian
-emperor from 312-337 AD -first christian emperor -founded Constantinople and moved capital here -united Eastern and Western Rome
Constantine
-313 AD -granted religious toleration/freedom throughout the nation
Edict of Milan
-410 AD -Visigoths take over Rome -end of Roman Empire in the West
Sack of Rome

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