Roaring Twenties

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1919-1932

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"Monkey Trial": John T. Scopes ;; high school teacher who taught evolution ;; was charged
Adkins vs. Children's Hospital: 1923 court reversed Muller vs. Oregon (women had protection in workplace & invalidated minimum-wage law for women)
Margaret Sanger: promoted use of birth control
Hawley-Smoot Tariff: 1930 first as protective measure to help farmers ;; raised tariff up to 60% ;; plunged world deeper into depression, increased chaos, forced U.S. into economic isolationism
KDKA: Nov 1920 first voice-carrying radio station announced Warren G. Harding's victory
Railway Labor Board: 1922 ordered 12% wage cut
John Dewey: professor at Columbia U. ;; "learning by doing"
Veterans' Bureau: 1921 operate hospitals & rehabilitation for disabled
Sacco & Vanzetti: Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti ;; convicted of murdering Mass. paymaster & guard ;; jury & judge prejudiced against them (Italians, atheists, anarchists, draft dodgers...)
H.L. Mencken: wrote the monthly American Mercury ;; attacked marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, middle-class, Puritans
F. Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise (1920) ;; The Great Gatsby (1925)
"Bonus Expeditionary Force": set up camps ("Hoovervilles") on the capital ;; was forced to evacuate
Langston Hughes: The Weary Blues (1926)
Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act: 1932 outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts & forbade federal courts to issue injunctions to restrict strikes, boycotts, peaceful picketting
Stimson Doctrine: 1932 Henry L. Stimson ;; U.S. won't recognize land acquisitions by force
Five-Power Naval Treaty: 1922 embodied Hughes ideas on ship ratio (5:5:3) but compensation for Japanese ;; British & Americans won't fortify Far Eastern colonies (incl. Philippines)
D.W. Griffith: Birth of a Nation (1915) ;; 1st length classic ;; glorified KKK
Merchant Marine Act of 1920: formed Shipping Board (controlled 1500 vessels to dispose) to rid ships at bargain prices, reducing navy
Immigration Act of 1924: quota is down to 2%
Ku Klux Klan: formed in early 1920s ;; ANTI: - foreign, -Caholic, -black, -Jewish, -pacifist, -Communist, -internationalist, -revolutionist, -bootlegger, -gambling, -adultery, -birth-control
Henry Ford: Model T ;; perfected assembly line production
Clarence Darrow: defense attorney of John T. Scopes
"New Negro": pride in black culture & wanted full citizenship and social equality
Fundamentalists: thought that Darwinian evolution destroyed faith in God/Bible & was bad for youth in jazz age
Andrew Mellon: Treasury Secretary ;; favored expansion of capital investment
Frank Lloyd Wright: architect who built Empire State Building (1931)
Emergency Quota Act: European newcomers were restricted at any yr to any quota
"Disarmament" Conference: 1921-1922 naval disarmament & situation in Far East ;; Hughes proposed 10 yr break from naval building & equality in battleships/carriers
Colonel Charles R. Forbes: 1923 resigned as head of Veterans' Bureau ;; stole $200 million (mostly for building veterans' hospitals)
Marcus Garvey: founder of United Negro Improvement Association ;; promotes resettlement of American blacks to own "African homeland", sponsored stores & businesses to keep $ in blacks' pockets ;; inspiration for Nation of Islam
World Court: judicial part of League of Nations
William Faulkner: Soldiers Pay ;; The Sound and the Fury (1929) ;; As I Lay Dying (1930) ;; Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
Wright Brothers: Orville & Wilbur Wright ;; Dec. 17, 1903 "the miracle at Kitty Hawk", NC ;; first flight
T.S. Eliot: poet ;; "The Waste Land" (1922)
Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio (1919) & other small-town life
Dawes Plan: 1924 Charles Dawes engineered it ;; rescheduled German reparations and furthered American private loans
Eugene O'Neill: actor in plays ;; Strange Interlude (1928) ;; won Nobel Prize in 1936
"New Immigrants": 1920-1921 ;; 800,000 immigrants (2/3 southern & eastern Europeans)
Capper-Volstead Act: exempted farmers' marketing organization from antitrust prosecution
Bruce Barton: 1925 The Man Nobody Knows (Jesus Christ was perfect salesman & all advertisers should study his techniques)
Theodore Dreiser: An American Tragedy (1925)
McNary-Haugen Bill: agricultural prices high & gov't buys surpluses, sell abroad, and gov't loses = special taxes on farmers
Four-Power Treaty: bound Britain, Japan, France, and U.S. to save status quo in Pacific ;; replaced old Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer: "Fighting Quaker" ;; rounded up ~ 6000 suspects in raids
Robert Frost: poet who wrote about New England
American Legion: 1919 founded by Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. in Paris ;; aggressive lobbying for veterans' benefits
Randolph Bourne: believed in cosmopolitanism interchange (cross fertilization among immigrants) ;; U.S. should serve as vanguard of more international & multicultural age
Nine-Power Treaty: 1922 signatories agreed to keep Open Door in China
Adjusted Compensation Act: 1924 veterans got paid up insurance policy in 20 yrs
The Great Train Robbery: 1903 birth of a movie ;; featured in 5 cent theaters
Reconstruction Finance Corporation: 1932 gov't lending bank ;; assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organization, railroads, state & local govt profited as banker
Red Scare: 1919-1920 nationwide crusade against left-wingers
Lindbergh Law: death penalty to certain interstate abduction
Kellogg-Briand Pact: 1928 signed ;; aka Pact of Paris ;; all nations signed will not use war as offensive means
Frank B. Kellogg: Coolidge's Secretary of State ;; won Nobel Peace Prize for role in Kellogg-Briand Pact
Muscle Shoals Bill: dam Tennessee River ;; Hoover opposed gov't selling electricity in competition w/ own citizens in private companies
e.e. cummings: unorthodox diction & wierd typesetting to produce poetical effects
Buford: "Soviet Ark" ;; 249 alien radicals deported to Soviet Union
Horace Kallen: believed in pluralism (preservation of identity) ;; U.S. should provide protective canopy for ethnic & racial groups
Sinclair Lewis: Main Street (1920) - women's unsuccessful war against provincialism ;; Babbitt (1922) - disparaged small-town America
William Jennings Bryan: lead prosecutor against John T. Scopes
Grain Stabilization Corporation & Cotton Stabilization Corporation: 1930 created by Farm Board ;; goal was to stabilize saggin prices by buying surpluses but choked by lots of farm produce
Ezra Pound: poet ;; "Make It New" doctrine
Charles Evans Hughes: Secretary of State
Ernest Hemingway: The Sun Also Rises (1926) - American expatriates in Europe ;; Farewell to Arms (1929) - war experience
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law: 1922 raised Wilson's Underwood Tariff of 1913 ;; raised tariff 27% to 38.5% ;; duties on produce increased
Great Crash: Oct. 29, 1929 crash caused by overspeculation and overly high stock prices (built on non-existent credit)
The Jazz Singer: 1927 ;; 1st "talkie" ;; starring Al Jolson
Alice Paul: 1923 formed National Woman's Party ;; campaigned for Equal Rights Amendment to Constitution
Rockefeller Foundation: massive public health program in South ;; rid hookworm
Dr. Sigmund Freud: Viennese physician ;; believed that sexual repression was responsible for society's ills & that pleasure & health needed sexual gratification & liberation
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act: 1920 private consolidation of RR & Interstate Commerce Commission to guarantee profitability
Senator Albert B. Falls: Secretary of Interior
Guglielmo Marconi: invented wireless telegraphy
Teapot Dome Scandal: concerning naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome (Wyoming) & Elk Hills (CA) ;; Albert B. Fall induced Secretary of Navy to transfer these ;; Fall leased lands to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair & Edward L. Doheny
Bureau of Budget: 1921 Republican Congress created ;; director was to aid President in preparing estimates of receipts & expenditures for submission to Congress as annual budget
Charles Lindbergh: 1st person to fly across Atlantic Ocean on spirit of St Louis (NY to Paris)
Harry M. Daugherty: Attorney General
Herbert Hoover: Secretary of Commerce

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